Social Psychology - The Stanley Milgram - psychological experiments Essay

Social Psychology - The Stanley Milgram - psychological experiments - Essay Example The case was taken as the punishment given to a victim member by giving some shocks by a member in a group. This shows his harsh obedience to his leader. But the member stopped the shocks when the victim refused to give answer further. The member showed tension in the member's mind. This study showed many behavioral aspects which were observed in this study of obedience. One real life example is when the police torture the criminals. But still when some police person shows the behavioral aspects showed by the study by Milgram. The police person also shows some tension in their mind when they are ordered to beat the criminals. The two studies which will be used to reduction of prejudice are contact and education. These two factors will cause a reduction of the prejudice as the contacts increase the knowledge about the world. The person who is in contact of different person will know about the things happening in the world and thus might able to distinguish the between the right and wrong. features about the facts. The books thus give the reality based knowledge. This lead the person to reduce prejudice as the books imparts the right knowledge. The teachers have given the top most places in the world as lead the students to the right area. They give accurate direction to the students. Thus they know what is right and what is wrong. The theory and study of contact has been evaluated as the best study for reducing the prejudice as cont

Persuasive Writing on topic of Animal Rights Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Writing on topic of Animal Rights Essay Deceased: Monday, November 5th, 2001. Great Britains Prison Service has reported that animal rights terrorist Barry Horne, 49, died in a Worcester hospital on November 5 after a short-lived hunger strike. The official cause of death was liver failure. In 1997, Barry Horne was sentenced to 18 years in prison for carrying out vicious attacks and arson on legitimate facilities that he claimed promoted animal cruelty. His attacks put human beings in danger for animals, animals without sentience, the ability to realize that they are alive. Animals without the ability to distinguish thought. This essay will focus on animals we consume for our nutrition. Animals without the basic goal of human beings of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The human race cannot give these rights to living organisms without the goal of the unalienable right and without the basic comprehension of consciousness. Animals are ignorant of the basic sentience and self-awareness, everything is an animal and we are not exempt, and reasoning that we should solely eat plant proteins because we have the intelligence to, and the wolf doesnt, so therefore we should make the wolf our equal is self-contradictory. The human race has come up with criteria for judging the sentience of a organism. There are five basic building block of society, which are the criteria for judging the sentience of an animal. The starting point for any species is if they were observed as producing or having produced technological artifacts unique to that species. Next, if they were observed as able to communicate from one generation to the next by a recorded language unique to that species, that is a significant leap. An important pair is being observed as basing action on abstract reasoning and being observed as engaging in inductive and deductive reasoning processes, and finally, observed as engaging in non-utilitarian artistic activity unique to that species. No other species besides man has five basic building blocks of society. Animals eat, eat, reproduce, and die. We, as human beings, are predators. We eat other animals. We need to eat. Zoomorphism only happens when we arent worried about eating. If we were not sentient we would still eat animals. By the survival of the fittest, which is the law of raw nature, no animal has rights; only the tools to survive as  best it can. The chicken has no right not to be eaten by the fox. The gazelle has no ethical recourse against the lion. If we are merely animals, no other animal has any ethical standing to complain against the human animal for eating them or wearing their skins. The basic rational or credo for animal rights consists of changing our diet to exclusively vegetable proteins, based on the notion that human beings have the intelligence to choose to eat soy beans in preference to cattle but wolves cant and this superior human reasoning ability is a reason to consider animals such as wolves as our equals. Look at the last sentence of the animal rights credo, This superior human reasoning ability is a reason to consider animals such as wolves our equals, and therefore realize that that argument admits we are superior, so we should be equal. This argument is similar with 2=0. The rational itself is contradictory. Animal rights failed on three other arguments as well. First, human beings are the dominant species on this planet, making decisions regarding use of the land, the sea, the air, and the near space above the air. Man rules and animals have to take what we do with them and lump it. The penultimate argument is there are no animals petitioning mankind, their oppressor, for an elevated status or recognition of their rights. Third, there are no animals contesting their status as inferiors to mankind. Animals arent protesting for their rights, it is human beings. Animals are not asking for their rights. How do we know to give them rights? If they are sentient, how do we know that they want rights? It is human beings who are asking for rights for animals, but their rational is insufficient. So lets be prepared for animal rights activists, because after the death of Barry Horne, there are some people who may regard him as a martyr. That includes people who may want to carry out actions against on legitimate scientist working with animals to promote human beings needs. No animal rights activists are themselves animals. There is no organization called Porpoises for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. It is people who make those demands of other people. Essentially brainless work animals should not be considered on the same level as sentient human beings. Animal Rights is the philosophy of allowing non-human animals to have the most basic rights that  all sentient beings desire: the freedom to be exempt from this web of dog eat dog, the food chain, the survival of the fittest.

Engle v. US :: essays research papers

SUMMARY Engle v. Vitale was the first case brought to the Supreme Court that used the establishment clause to remove religious activities that until this point had been used as a part of public observances. The First Amendment bars any enforcement of any law â€Å"respecting an establishment of religion† and the Fourteenth Amendment makes this applicable to the States. For that reason, state officials can not write an official state prayer and require that it be recited in the public schools, even if the prayer is nondenominational and students who wish to remain silent or be excused are allowed to do so during the recitation of the prayer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The parents of ten students brought this issue to the New York State Court maintaining that the use of the official prayer in the public schools was â€Å"contrary to the beliefs, religions, or religious practices of both themselves and their children.† The question that was reviewed by the Supreme Court of The United States was whether New York overstepped the boundaries when they financed a religious exercise. The New York Court said that â€Å"the prayer given does not conform to all of the tenets of the Jewish, Unitarian, and Ethical Culture groups. The Supreme Court ruled that, though the prayer was nondenominational and students had the option of whether or not to recite the prayer and not be penalized for failure to do so, the state of New York and the school board had violated the Constitution of the United States and the rights of the students attending the public schools. Though many Americans still disagree with the verdict of the court, the rul ing still stands today. OPINIONS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice Black. The Court said: â€Å"Shortly after the practice of reciting the Regents’ prayer was adopted by the School District, the parents of ten pupils brought this action in a New York State Court insisting that use of this official prayer in the public schools was contrary to the beliefs, religions, or religious practices of both themselves and their children. The New York Court of Appeals, over the dissents of Judges Dye and Fuld, sustained an order of the lower state courts which had upheld the power of New York to use the Regents’ prayer as a part of the daily procedures of its public schools so long as the schools did not compel any pupil to join in the prayer over his or his parents’ objection.

Film review of Romeo and Juliet Essay

Tears, laughter, fear and desperation. These are just some of the emotions you’re guaranteed to endure whilst viewing the epic tragedy that is, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. This classic love story was first written by William Shakespeare in 1591, it was adapted for screenplay by Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce. This version was first released in 1996, Baz Luhrmann, the critically acclaimed director of the film, brought a modern, energetic and unforgettable quality to a fantastic theatre piece. With a budget of $14,500,000 and making $46,400,000 in the box office, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† was an immediate hit. This was highlighted in awards ceremonies where the film achieved 3 BAFTA’s and 2 Oscar nominations proving its heartbreaking brilliance. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† begins with the knowledge that two ‘star-crossed lovers’ have taken their lives due to constant bickering and fighting between two dignified and highly respected families, The Montague’s and The Capulet’s. At the start of the film, we are taken on a whirlwind tour of Verona beach, where the movie is set, we can see that a high proportion of the businesses are owned by either the Montague or Capulet family. During the appearances of the Montague and Capulet families, we can see a significant difference immediately. The Montague’s wear bright Hawaiian shirts and board shorts, whereas the Capulet’s look a lot more sophisticated, wearing mainly black/brown western styled outfits. This makes you think that perhaps the Capulet’s are a lot more serious and noble than the Montague’s in the younger generations. The movie takes us through Romeo and Juliet’s story, from a fairy tale meeting and a lustrous affair, to true romance and passion that eventually leads to their deaths in one of the most moving scenes in film history. With a cast of stars, including Leonardo De Caprio (Titanic, The Beach, The Talented Mr Ripley) playing Romeo and Claire Danes (Polish Wedding, Stray Dogs) playing Juliet, the film was always sure to shine. The tears Romeo cries appear to come straight from the heart of De Caprio, this leaves you wanting to solve his problems and see that Romeo and his Juliet are together forever, which they of course are. Baz Luhrmann was born in Australia but grew up in Northern New South Wales, he first began film productions in 1985 after attending the prestigious National Institute of Dramatic Arts in Sydney. The first well-known film that Luhrmann independently released was â€Å"Strictly Ballroom† (1992) surprisingly â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† was only the second major film he released, in 1996. This was followed by the enchanting and mesmerising â€Å"Moulin Rouge†(2000), which was an immediate hit, boasting one of the most astounding soundtracks ever made. The music in Luhrmann’s films seems to revolve around a theme of amazing orchestral pieces building up to climaxes that make your hair stand on end. In both â€Å"Moulin Rouge† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, Luhrmann uses singers to give you goose bumps, that are superior to any previously heard. Besides his ability to give you singing voices that will fill you with tears or joy, Luhrmann also achieves this with his perfectly selected sets. During one of the final scenes, in which Romeo finds Juliet, the family tomb is filled with candles, the dim light shed from these gives the perfect romantic yet tense atmosphere that the scene requires. Before the final tragedy occurs, Luhrmann draws you into the puppy love apparent in Juliet and Romeo, portraying them as ‘Loves Young Dream’. This only makes it worse when you witness their dreams being shattered. The circumstances of their deaths were always going to be heart-wrenching, but Luhrmann breaks your heart, as Romeo gently walks through the dimly lit tomb to his ‘dead’ lovers side. Their last kiss is almost as traumatic as the deaths themselves, to see the fear and desperation in Juliet’s (Clare Danes) eyes, knowing she’s lost her first love. It’s at points like this, that you can see how talented Luhrmann is at raising the anticipation up to a level at which you actually need to know more. Throughout their (Romeo & Juliet’s) final kiss, you find yourself praying Juliet wakes up, even though you already know she wont. Even though this is the film’s most tearful moment, the most spectacular scene is the confrontation at the petrol station, which gives you an idea of the rivalry and sheer hatred between the two families. The line â€Å"Peace, I hate the word, like I hate†¦. and all Montagues. † Spoken by Tybalt, a Capulet, this shows how forbidden Romeo and Juliet’s love would have been. However, there are points at which the delivery of lines is somewhat impersonal, for example in some scenes involving Juliet and the nurse, its almost as if the characters don’t actually know what they’re saying in modern English, and have purely learnt the lines without pursuing the issue further. Yet, with other characters, such as, Romeo and Mercutio, you actually feel that this is the language they normally use, the delivery of lines is in such a way that the actors appear to be deeply involved with their character. MERCUTIO is such an effective Mercutio, he brings comedy to every moment, even when he is dying he would make the audience giggle, if they were not so emotionally torn by emotional pain at the same time.

Ethical Health Care Issues Essay

Breast Cancer is a serious issue that affects almost every woman worldwide, either directly as someone diagnosed with cancer, or indirectly through the illness of a loved one (Women’s Health Resource, 2014). Breast Cancer is found in women, in their twenties and thirties, and those with a family history of the disease. In 2006, approximately 212,920 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in the United States alone (Women’s Health Resource, 2014). The case scenario will discuss the ethical and legal issues regarding a 25 year old female patient stricken with breast cancer, who refuses treatment for the disease, in addition to the four (4) ethical principles, (a) autonomy (respect for persons), (b) justice, (c) beneficence, and (d) non-maleficence. Case Scenario A 25 year old female patient made an appointment with her primary care physician because she discovered a lump in her breast after a routine check. On the day of the appointment, the physician examined her breast, and made a referral for her to visit and oncologist, who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of cancer. There are three types of oncologists. They are (a) medical oncologist (uses medicine (chemotherapy) to treat cancer), (b) radiation oncologist (uses radiation to treat cancer), and (c) surgical oncologist (treats cancer with surgery) (The Denise Roberts Breast Cancer Foundation, 2009). The patient schedules an appointment with the oncologist, who then will inform her of the diagnoses and treatments if needed as per the result of the biopsy. The result of the biopsy will confirm if the patient has breast cancer or not. Autonomy (respect for persons) acknowledges a person’s right to make choices, to hold views, and to take actions based on personal values and beliefs (Chowning et al., 2007). To refuse treatment, the patient must be legally and mentally capable, and 18 years or older. Parents with children under the age of 18, have the right to consent or refuse treatment for his or her child. Physicians also have a  moral and legal obligation to comply with a patient’s voluntary, informed refusal of life sustaining treatment, regardless of a physician’s judgment concerning the medical or moral appropriateness of this (Miller et al., 2000). A 25 year old patient with breast cancer refused medical treatment as suggested by the oncologist. Conflicts may arise with the patient as she made a decision to not receive care, which can ultimately lead to death. Death may be seen as a failure, rather than an important part of life (Smith, 2000). Upon receiving the patient choice to deny treatment, the oncologist is then obligated to inform, and educate the patient about the benefits of treatment, and risks associated with not receiving treatment. The patient has the right to deny treatment, even when the physician suggests the benefits of treatment. The following treatment options are available to the patient such as, lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and eventually, surgical reconstruction (Woman’s Health Resource, 2014). Autonomy When a patient refuses treatment to care for the disease, autonomy then becomes a bit challenging. While there may be opposing views in regard to treatment or non-treatment, medical professionals must respect the patient decision, and support the patient during this process, while delivering quality care (Stringer, 2009). The rules of law are based on ethical beliefs that are commonly held in our society. These basic ethical principles include respect for individual autonomy, beneficence (helping others), non-maleficence (not harming others), and justice or fairness. Regardless of whether these ethical duties are derived from religious faith, natural law, or a social contract, these principles form the basis for the legal rules of our society (Harris, 2007). Beneficence The principle of beneficence means that the health care provider must promote the wellbeing of patients and avoid harming them (Rosenthal, 2006). When a patient refuses treatment(s), the health care professional must communicate the risks of not receiving treatment. The job of the health care professional is to provide quality of care to the patient, even when a patient refuses treatment. The health care professional must remain compassionate, as the patient expects the medical professional to still  treat him or her with dignity and respect. Non Maleficence Non Maleficence means to do no harm. Health care professionals must always strive to do their work without malice or the intention thereof to the patient (Ask.com, 2014). The health care provider is obligated to aid the patient to the best of his or her ability by providing benefits, protecting the patients’ interest, and improve wellbeing. To ensure that the patient is not harmed while refusing treatment, the health care professional can conduct a risk benefit analysis where research on the disease and various medications can be found. Upon his or her findings, the health care professional should explain the effects of treatment or non-treatment. Under non maleficence, there is a legal â€Å"duty to warn† third parties, which is a critical and legal concept (Rosenthal, 2006). Justice The principle of justice means to treat others equitably, distribute benefits or burdens fairly (Chowning et al., 2007). Health care professionals must provide patients with treatment alternatives, and not misinform the patient about any of the medical processes involved. The major issue with this principle is that economic barriers can interfere with access to appropriate therapies and medications (Rosenthal, 2006). The health care organization is required to provide services or care to a patient regardless of health care coverage. Patients should also be treated equally regardless of age, race, or ethnicity. Patients must be treated with dignity and respect, even though he or she may refuse care or treatment for their medical condition. Conclusion One of the most common place ethical dilemmas in the health care industry is a patient refusing treatment to care, as this action may threaten his or her wellbeing or health. The health care professional must determine what aspects of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence need to be used before providing care. A physician has the legal right to ensure and provide the patient with sufficient information about treatment plans, and care. Health care administrators must examine underlying issues such as competence of the patient, the distinction apparent, and refusal of care (Michels, 1981). In the case of the 25 year old patient, ethical issues were  present because her right to refuse treatment conflicted with the oncologist’s obligations to provide quality care to her. References Ask.com (2014). What Is Non Maleficence? Retrieved from http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-non-maleficence Chowning et al. (2007). An Ethics Primer. Seattle WA: Northwest Association of Biomedical Research. Retrieved from https://www.nwabr.org/sites/default/files/NWABR_EthicsPrimer7.13.pdf Harris (2007). Contemporary Issues in Healthcare Law and Ethics, 3e. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Michels, R. (1981). The Right to Refuse Treatment: Ethical Issues. American Psychiatric Association, 32(1), 251-255. Miller, F., Fins, J., & Snyder, L. (2000). Assisted suicide compared with refusal of treatment: a valid distinction? Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(6), 470-475. Rosenthal, M. S. (2006). Patient misconceptions and ethical challenges in radioactive iodine scanning and therapy*. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 34(3), 143-50; quiz 151-2. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218613783?accountid=458 Smith, R. (2000). A good death: an important aim for health ser vices and for us all. British Medical Journal, 320(7228), 129-130. Stringer, S. (2009). Ethical issues involved in patient refusal of life-saving treatment. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(3), 30-33. The Denise Roberts Breast Cancer Foundation (2009). Breast Health. Retrieved from http://www.tdrbcf.org/oncologist/index.html Women’s Health Resource (2014). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.wdxcyber.com/breast_home.html

The Case Against the Minimum Wage essays

The Case Against the Minimum Wage essays The issue of government mandated minimum wages did not begin in America. Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, and France all had some sort of minimum wage program before it began in the United States with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938 (Nordlund, 1997, pp. xv, and 1). While the FLSA was completely necessary legislation in its day, today, the Federal Minimum Wage, which was a part of the FLSA, is nothing if not controversial. Many experts believe the minimum wage is no longer necessary and even adds to unemployment and poverty. The case against the minimum wage is strong today, for many reasons. One economic expert notes, These [minimum wage] programs are one element in the fabric of the economy that affects the relationship between economic sectors and individual economic participants but whose impacts are large or small, depending on the character of the legislation, the state of the economy, the level of enforcement, and a host of other variables As the writer notes, minimum wage programs are simply one "element in the fabric" of the nation's economy, but to keep the fabric whole, many believe the minimum wage programs must be modified greatly, or erased altogether, because when wages go up, workers lose jobs, and also lose employment opportunities, as other experts note. "A 1998 study by Burkhauser, Couch, and Wittenberg reaffirms earlier findings that raising the minimum wage reduces teenage employment, with a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage leading to employment losses of 1 to 3 percent" (Editors, 1999). Many Americans believe increasing the minimum wage will increase the income of America's lowest paid workers, but this is not always the case. Increasing the minimum wage often causes employers to cut back positions to avoid increased costs, so increasing the minimum wage can actually lead to minimum wage earners l...

Useful Japanese Expressions

Useful Japanese Expressions Whether youre traveling to Japan or simply want to learn a new language, here are some useful Japanese expressions to get you started. Provided below is a Japanese Audio Phrasebook for many of the words and phrases in this article. Yes.Hai.㠁 ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š No.Iie.㠁„㠁„㠁ˆã€‚ Excues me.Sumimasen.㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€š Thanks.​Doumo.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â‚¬â€š Thank you.Arigatou gozaimasu.㠁‚り㠁Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š You are welcome.Dou itashimashite.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£â‚¬â€š Do you speak Japanese?Nihongo o hanashimasu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ © ±Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Yes, little.Hai, sukoshi.㠁 ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬ Ã¥ °â€˜Ã£ â€"。 Do you understand?Wakarimasu ka.分り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š I dont understand.Wakarimasen.分り㠁 ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€š I dont know.Shirimasen.çŸ ¥Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€š How do you say it in Japanese?Nihongo de nan to iimasu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  §Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã£  ¨Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š What does it mean?Dou iu imi desu ka.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€ Ã¦â€ž Ã¥â€˜ ³Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š What is it?Kore wa nan desu ka.㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Please speak slowly.Yukkuri hanashite kudasai.ゆ㠁 £Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ Ã¨ © ±Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š Please say it again.Mou ichido itte kudasai.も㠁†ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥ º ¦Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š No, thanks.Iie, kekkou desu.㠁„㠁„㠁ˆã€ Ã§ µ Ã¦ §â€¹Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š It is all right. Daijoubu desu.Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ ¸Ë†Ã¥ ¤ «Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Essential Words whatnani㠁 ªÃ£  « wheredoko㠁 ©Ã£ â€œ whodare㠁  Ã£â€šÅ' whenitsu㠁„㠁 ¤ whichdore㠁 ©Ã£â€šÅ' how muchikura㠁„㠁 Ã£â€šâ€° Weather Related Words weathertenkiÃ¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€" climatekikouæ °â€"候 temperatureondoæ ¸ ©Ã¥ º ¦ Traveling Words and Phrases Where is the Tokyo Station?Toukyou eki wa doko desu ka.æ  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã© §â€¦Ã£  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£ â€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Does this train stop at Osaka?Kono densha wa oosaka ni tomarimasu ka.㠁“㠁 ®Ã©â€º »Ã¨ »Å Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ£  «Ã¦ ­ ¢Ã£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š What is the next station?Tsugi wa nani eki desu ka.æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã© §â€¦Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š What time does it leave?Nan-ji ni demasu ka.ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Where is the bus stop?Basu-tei wa doko desu ka.ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã¥ Å"㠁 ¯Ã£  ©Ã£ â€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Does this bus goes to Kyoto?Kono basu wa kyouto ni ikimasu ka.㠁“㠁 ®Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¤ º ¬Ã©Æ' ½Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Where can I rent a car?Doko de kuruma o kariru koto ga dekimasu ka.㠁 ©Ã£ â€œÃ£  §Ã¨ »Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â‚¬Å¸Ã£â€šÅ Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£ Å'㠁 §Ã£  Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š How much is it daily?Ichinichi ikura desu ka.ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Please fill the tank.Mantan ni shite kudasai.æ ºâ‚¬Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ³Ã£  «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š Can I park here?Koko ni kuruma o tometemo ii desu ka.㠁“㠁“㠁 «Ã¨ »Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦ ­ ¢Ã£â€š Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š What time is the next bus?Tsugi no basu wa nanji desu ka.æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ®Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Greetings and Well Wishes Please give my regards to everyone.Minasama ni douzo yoroshiku.皆æ §ËœÃ£  «Ã£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£â‚¬â€š Please take care of yourself. Okarada o taisetsu ni.㠁Šä ½â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬â€š Take care of yourself. Douzo ogenki de.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£ Å Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£â‚¬â€š I look forward to hearing from you.Ohenji omachi shite orimasu.㠁Šè ¿â€Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£ Å Ã¥ ¾â€¦Ã£  ¡Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Other Resources: Introduction to Japanese * Learn to Speak Japanese - Thinking of learning Japanese and want to know more, start here. * Introductory Lessons - If you are ready  to learn Japanese, start here. * Basic Lessons - Confident with the basic lessons or want to brush up, go here. * Grammar/Expressions - Verbs, adjectives, particles, pronouns, useful expressions and more. Japanese Writing * Japanese Writing for Beginners - Introduction to Japanese writing. * Kanji Lessons - Are you interested in kanji? Here you will find the most commonly used kanji characters.   * Hiragana Lessons - Here you will learn the basics of hiragana. * Learn Hiragana with Japanese Culture- Lessons to practice hiragana with Japanese cultural examples. Please check out my Japanese Audio Phrasebook to lean more Japanese vocabulary.

PSAT vs SAT 6 Key Differences You Must Know

PSAT vs SAT 6 Key Differences You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There's the PSAT, there's the SAT. There are even a few other assessments, as it turns out. There's a lot of jargon out there when it comes to the tests offered by the College Board, so it's important to know exactly what you're signing up for- and how each test is different. The SAT suite of assessments is designed to work together. All tests are fundamentally similar, and you can use any one to prepare for any other. That being said, the PSAT vs SAT isn't a perfectly equal match-up. In reality, there are some differences- both major and minor- between them. We take a look at these below. The SAT Suite of Tests: Overview First things first, let's establish what College Board tests are actually out thereand what these tests' often confusing monikers actually mean. PSAT 8/9 This test is taken in 8th and/or 9th grade to indicate what areas need special attention before a student graduates high school. PSAT 10 This test is exactly identical to the PSAT/NMSQT (discussed below); however, it's only offered in the spring and is only open to students in the 10th grade. PSAT/NMSQT This test, taken in the fall of 10th and/or 11th grade,is another check-in point meant to point out any skills a student has yet to master. Notably, though, it also gives students a chance to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. SAT The college admission test we all know and love, the SATindicates your college readiness to any schools receiving your application. From here on out, we're going to zero in on the two tests that do most of the heavy lifting: the PSAT/NMSQT (hereafter referred to simply as the PSAT) and the SAT. There are similarities, and there are differences. PSAT vs SAT: What's the Same? The content and format of the SAT and PSAT are very similar, though not identical.Before we get into the key differences, let's talk about what doesn't change from one test to the other. #1: Content These two tests cover the same subjects. I mean, exactlythe same subjects- it's even a bit eerie. There's algebra on the PSAT; there's algebra on the SAT. There are vocab-in-context questions on the PSAT, and there are vocab-in-context questions on the SAT, too. You get the picture. #2: Basic Structure The style of the questions doesn't change much from one test to the other,either in terms of wording or the actual tasks. Also, the overall structureandglobal goal of testing remain the same. Both tests have two major components:Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW), and Math (the SAT also has an optional Essay component- more on that below). EBRW includes the Reading Test and theWriting and Language Test, whereas Math is made up of two subsections: one allows the use of a calculator, and the other one does not. On both the PSAT and the SAT, you'll getpassages on the Reading and Writing sections.On the Reading section you'll answer reading comprehension questions, and on the Writing section you'll answer questions about how to fix grammatical and stylistic weaknesses in the text. In addition, both the PSAT and SAT Math sections contain grid-in questions as well as multiple-choice questions.The grid-in questions come at the end of eachsection. #3: Subscores and Cross-Test Scores In addition to your final composite score, you'll always receivecross-test scores and subscores on the PSAT and SAT. However, there's a division between Math andEBRW,and there are a few other specifications, too. The two cross-test scores are Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science.These scores refer to every question that tests critical thinking in the named areas, whetherappearing in a verbal section or the qualitative one. As for subscores, these differ for each of the three sections on the PSAT and SAT. The Reading section uses the following subscores: Command of Evidence Words in Context The Writing and Languagesection gives us these subscores: Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions And finally, the Math section's subscores are as follows: Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math #4: No Guessing Penalty In the olden days, answering a question wrong meant having points literally deducted from your score.One-quarterpoint per question, to be exact. So if you missed eightquestions, not only would you not get those eightpoints, but you'd also lose an extra two points. Those two points would be subtracted from the points you'd already earned. Fortunately, those dark days are over.Today, if you miss eight questions on either the PSAT or SAT, all you lose is the opportunity to earn those eight points. Nothing gets subtracted from your score! Sometimes, on the SAT or PSAT, it's worth taking a gamble. PSAT vs SAT: What's Different? Now that we've covered the similarities between the two tests, let's dig into the differences. #1: Purpose The first major difference is the purpose of each test. Whereas the SAT isa common requirement for college admissions,the PSAT is an SAT practice test and the basis for the National Merit Scholarship Program.In other words, since the PSAT is essentially a precursor to the SAT, it is not as important as the SAT is. In regard to colleges, the PSAT has no impact on your admission chances, while the SAT typically does. Even a super low score on the PSAT would have no effect on your college applications. By contrast, a super low SAT score would likely significantly lower your admission chances. With National Merit, you can only enter the competition if you get in the top 1% of scorers on the PSAT (and are a high school junior). Thus, while a top 1% SAT score would no doubt give a boost to your college applications, it would not make you eligible for National Merit. #2: Score Range The PSAT is scored ona scale of 320-1520, while the SAT is scored ona scale of 400-1600. This means that the individual section score ranges differ as well. On the PSAT, EBRW and Math are each scored on a scale of 160-760.On the SAT, however, these sections are scored on a slightly bigger scale of200-800. Your PSAT score is meant to directly predict your SAT score.So if you get 1200 on the PSAT, you can expect to get roughly the same score if you took the SAT without further preparation. Why the different score ranges, though? Because the PSAT is a little less challenging (so as to accommodatea lower grade level),a perfect score on the PSAT falls a little short of a perfect score on the SAT. #3: Timing It's also important to notethat the amount of time and the number of questions for each section differ between the two tests. The SAT is slightly longer and has more questions,but the amount of time allottedper question is generally the same. The only exception is the Math No Calculator subsection, for which you get 13 seconds more per question on the PSAT than you do on the SAT. Here's an overview of the time and question differences between the PSAT and SAT: Test Section Time # of Questions Time per Question PSAT Reading 60 minutes 48 75 seconds Writing 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calc 25 minutes 17 88 seconds Math Calc 45 minutes 31 87 seconds Total 165 minutes 139 - SAT Reading 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Writing 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calc 25 minutes 20 75 seconds Math Calc 55 minutes 38 87 seconds Essay (optional) 50 minutes 1 50 minutes Total 180 minutes (230 minutes with essay) 154 (155 with essay) - If you skip the essay, the SAT is only 15 minutes longer.But if youdo take the essay- which is probably wise- you're in for an extra hour of testing.You'll want to train your endurance toward that goal. #4: The Essay You'll note that there was actually more than just a matter of timing implied in that last section. That's right: the PSAT has no essay. The SAT, on the other hand, does. It's optional, so you don't have to take it.But as your colleges might require or recommend it, you should be aware that this is one aspect of the SAT that the PSAT won't prepare you for. As a result,make sure you give the essay some attention before you dive into the SAT. Colleges tend to like having students write essays. #5:Level of Difficulty Throughout the College Board's suite of tests,things get a little bit harder.It's nothing huge; you just might find that the PSAT has more concrete, find-this-detail-in-the-text questions whilethe SAT has more abstract, what-purpose-did-this-detail-serve sorts of questions. #6: Logistics The final difference lies in the logistics of the PSAT and SAT, namely how each test is administered, how much each test costs, and where you can take each test. In terms of administration, the PSAT is held just once a year in October, while the SAT is offered seven times throughout the school year.(You can also take the SAT on adesignated school-day test day.) As you can see, you're typically expected to take the PSAT just once or twice in total. With the SAT, however, you have far more options to retake itand raise your score. Another big logistical difference is price. Though the PSAT is sometimes free for students whose schools cover the full cost of the test, the typical price is$16 a test.Comparatively, the SAT costs $46 without the Essay and $60 with the Essay. (Note that fee waivers are available for both the PSAT and SAT.) Finally, while the PSAT is alwaysadministered at schools,the SAT is administered at both schools and test centers. So if you're homeschooled or if your school doesn't offer the PSAT, you'll need to find another local school at which you can take it. PSAT vs SAT: Key Takeaways It's always a good idea to throw in a full-length, officialpractice PSAT before you take the real thing. If you're preparing for the PSAT using an SAT program, the good news is that you'll likely be overly prepared in terms of comfort with the content and your overall endurance. What you'll need to watch out for, though, is a probable tendency to overanalyzethe slightly simpler questions on the PSAT. Know that you will not be writing an essay on the PSAT, either. If you're preparing for the SAT using the PSAT, bear in mind that though it will get you most of the way there, you'll still need to supplement your study program with official practice SAT questions and at least a few cracks at the essay. What's Next? Prepare for the task ahead of you,whether it be the PSAT, the SAT, or both. It's important to be familiar with what you'll be doing on test day. And practice, as they say, makes perfect. Set some good goals- find out what it takes to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship Program, and learnwhat a good PSAT score looks like. That's actually not a simple question to answer, but reading up on the subject will get you feeling more comfortable with what you should aim for! If it's too early to think about the PSAT or the SAT, read some carefully considered advice about taking the PSAT 8/9. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discuss the ways in which law is changed and assess whether the law Essay

Discuss the ways in which law is changed and assess whether the law responds adequately to changes in technology and changes in - Essay Example It draws on the dominant morals, ethics and values to establish rules that are consolidated into law. Changes in Common Law comes with changes in the dominant culture of England at any point in time. Equity automatically developed after the Crown appointed a distinct unit of courts to handle cases based on the tradition of pardons that was established by in cases. Equity therefore changes with the changes in the dominance practices in the society. Aside Common Law and Equity which forms the basis of law in the UK, there are statutes that are created by Parliament as well as various units with powers arising from delegated legislation. Statutes are changed as and when a bill is presented before parliament and relevant bodies and changed as appropriate. Aside the British parliament, there are also various statutes that are created from the European Union as well as other international bodies that the country is signatory to like the United Nations. Statutes are interpreted by the Judic iary who are empowered as an autonomous body to do so. This is discharged through the various courts. The decisions of a court serves as precedence for other cases that may be presented to courts at its level or with jurisdictions below it. This is known as judicial precedents. Judicial precedents also change when the case at hand is decided in a manner that is quite different from the previous ruling. It can be pointed out that although the Common Law and Equity forms the broad framework within which the law is applied, Statutes are rules that are made and changed from time to time to ensure that the courts get a specific basis for the handling of cases. Changes in Law Rules are converted to laws when they are written down and backed by authority. Laws are created through bills which are discussed before parliament or an appropriate body, accepted, signed into law and enforced. In the UK today, Law is made by parliament – that is the House of Commons and the House of Lords. This therefore means that if a law is to be changed, it needs to go through the House of Lords and the House of Commons before it can be accepted as changed. A change in law can be prompted by a member of parliament, a Royal Commission set up to examine a certain law or situation in the society, a national emergency, the Law Commission or the party manifesto of the ruling government. All these outlets can potentially cause parliament to consider changing an existing statute to reflect situations that exist in the society at a given point in time. In this sense there are three main types of bills, there are the public bills, which affect the general public, the public members' bill which are put forward by an individual member of parliament. There is also a private bill which is a bill meant to create a law that affects a small interest group in the United Kingdom. After a proposition for a new law is raised before parliament, the relevant government department publishes a Green Pape r that outlines the elements of the Bill and engage various interest groups in a consensus building process. When the inputs for all interest groups are taken, the civil servants in the Government department summarizes the advice and comments and present them to the Minister in question. The Minister examines the comments and publishes a White Paper that contains the main ideas of the

Childrens creativity with language takes different forms and is Essay

Childrens creativity with language takes different forms and is expressed in various ways - Essay Example The contextual part of the language factors in the interpersonal contexts and the sociohistorical contexts. Critically the art of language refers to the ability of the linguistic creativity to wrap in all kinds of critical and evaluative positions that are visible in the use of language. Subject to the findings of the contemporary researchers in applied linguistics, creativity of the language is not limited to the linguistically skilled writers and speakers, media professionals and literary authors but also a pervasive feature of utilization of the language. Carter (102) focuses on the poetic forms in everyday discourse where rhyme, metaphor, word play and other figures of speech are used in the manipulation of the linguistic form. Styles like repetition are incorporated in the language to reflect what the speakers echo and demonstrate the seriousness of the information even though at times it might not be in accordance to the linguistic form. Another aspect of the language that is used creatively is the innovative creation of dialogue in narrative where the story is converted into drama. At the same both the children’s and adults preoccupation with imaginary or fictional worlds is elaborated using the creativity of language. In essence everyday conversation offers the source for strategies that are later on taken up by others and they include literary genres. According to Carter (105), creativity is a matter of degree that exists together with a series of clines in most of the literary texts on a daily basis unlike the discrete sets of features that are related to the specific registers. In this particular case the term literariness encompasses the clinal nature of creativity. On the other hand the lang uage play is referred to as opposed to the literariness and the two terms have got different intellectual starting points and purposes. For instance Carter dwells on broadening the frame of literariness to involve everyday linguistic practices whereas the other theory focuses on language play in the general terms of play and later on expands this to high culture practices like ceremony and literature. In the long run most of the linguists seem to agree on most of the issues emerging in the language and have a common stand. At the end, the policy and practice in several areas like education are affected due to the pervasiveness of language creativity. There is a conspicuous gap between the linguistic world of young children and the lack of playful use of language in educational materials like reading schemes. As a result most of the modern orthodoxies in communicative and task based approaches to the teaching of the language have not factored in the potential of language play. On the contrary the researchers suggest that the inclusion of a play element in the teaching of the language could be very vital as it would enhance the learning of the language. An example of this is where the importance of an effective dimension in learning, proficiency and value of play in linguistic form due to the acquisition of the second language (Carter, 110). In addition the pervasiveness of creativity across communicative practices leads to broader theoretical challenges to the

One Economics asepct of the auto industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One Economics asepct of the auto industry - Essay Example It is important to explain that the 2007/2008 economic crisis had a very negative effect on the American auto industry, with almost all American auto companies becoming on the verge of bankruptcy. Companies such as Chrysler and General Motors were on the verge of bankruptcy, and this forced the American government to intervene and bailout these companies. This is by using the funds emanating from TARP, which is an acronym for the Troubled Asset Relief Program. A company such as Ford Motors was able to protect itself from the effects of the financial crisis, mainly because it was maintaining a hedge fund, whose money could be used for purposes of protecting the organization, during a period in which it was facing some financial crisis. There is a lesson to be learnt from this study. The lesson is that, it is always necessary for companies or business organizations to maintain an hedge fund, that could be used to fund the operations of a company or a business organization during periods of recession. This should not only be applicable to the auto-industry, but to other industries as well, such as the finance, communication, transportation industries, etc. Furthermore, this information is also significant to me, mainly because the auto industry has managed to improve from a near bankruptcy situation in 2007/2008, to one of the most profitable industries in the United States. This is because all these companies that were bailed out have managed to repay their debts, totaling to billions of dollars. It is quite interesting to know what type of strategy that these business organizations were able to use, despite the strong competition that emanated from the other companies, specifically from Japanese auto companies. My interest in this issue also emanates from the desire to know more about the 2007/2008 global crisis. In my knowledge, the crisis emanated because of the inability of the

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example As such, relationship building, intimacy, and the cost benefit theory of a relationship will be analyzed through the lens of how these aspects are presented within the film in question. These three have been selected due to the fact that this analyst believes they are the strongest determinants of the plot and action that takes place within the film in question. Firstly, with regards to relationship building, the text refers to this is a multipart process result in the strengthening of the relationship or can ultimately result in its undoing. As with so many films that are concentric upon relationship and the means by which individuals fall in and out of love, â€Å"Hitch† follows a somewhat predictable line in that it presents the case of two individuals who initiate, experiment, intensify, integrate and bond throughout the course of the film. Naturally, this process is not painless or carried out in one seamless action. Rather the inverse of these is also represented to the fact that during the latter half of the film, the couple experiences a degree of differentiation, circumscribing, stagnation, avoidance, and termination. Naturally, as is the case with many films, the ability of the filmmakers to encapsulate all of these actions and emotions within a brief one hour and 20 minutes is necessarily limited. However, each of these determinants is presented in a verifiable way so that it can be ascertained that this process is indeed taking place; howbeit in fast-forward. Similarly, although intimacy is oftentimes misunderstood to merely equate to a type of physical intimacy, involving sexual relations, this is not only what was presented within the movie in question. For instance, the scene regarding Ellis Island creates a moment of intense spiritual and psychological intimacy that sees both characters share from their past and bond rapidly over these realities. Although the film has previously been described within this analysis as something of each rig ht Hollywood production, this depth in helping to describe and elaborate upon human emotion is useful and relevant with regards to seeking to understand this film within the context of sociological and interpersonal development. This alternative definition of C is a welcome refreshment from the one-sided definition of intimacy is oftentimes presented to the viewer. Although it is true that neither physical nor emotional intimacy can be categorized as having a more powerful effect, seeking to exhibit both within a film is more effective means of presenting the level of closeness that would necessarily exist between characters that share such a bond. Similarly, as it is realized that there is tension between the two characters and a series of conflicts arise, it can be noted that the female character, played by Eva Mendes, begins to engage in what can be termed as a cost-benefit analysis of the relationship (Hitch 2005). Ultimately, as a result of the seeming deception that she has wi tnessed throughout the course of her relationship, she becomes highly self doubtful with regards to whether there remains any future between the two. However, as time goes on, it is clearly seen that a level of regret is exhibited on the part of both characters and they ultimately seek to reconcile these differences new the conclusion of the film.

Reading Standard for Foundational SKills Assignment

Reading Standard for Foundational SKills - Assignment Example However, for the younger students such as the one in pre-kindergarten, the list of objectives should be way smaller with only one or two items to be assessed by the teachers as they are still very young will smaller ability to understand and shorter memory span. The above mentioned tools in the checklist cannot be appropriate for assessment of children from birth to pre-kindergarten as they are very young and cannot understand what is being tested. However it is appropriate for those from kindergarten to grade 3 as they also hold similar learning objectives as the ones discussed above in the check list. For the children between births to pre-kindergarten, they should have their own set of simpler and way shorter learning objectives which would lead to shorter assessment and check lists for the teachers to examine. This as explained above is because of their short memory span as well as ability to understand which is still developing. Most of the assessment tools for such children are just repetitive sounds and music among other simpler

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example As such, relationship building, intimacy, and the cost benefit theory of a relationship will be analyzed through the lens of how these aspects are presented within the film in question. These three have been selected due to the fact that this analyst believes they are the strongest determinants of the plot and action that takes place within the film in question. Firstly, with regards to relationship building, the text refers to this is a multipart process result in the strengthening of the relationship or can ultimately result in its undoing. As with so many films that are concentric upon relationship and the means by which individuals fall in and out of love, â€Å"Hitch† follows a somewhat predictable line in that it presents the case of two individuals who initiate, experiment, intensify, integrate and bond throughout the course of the film. Naturally, this process is not painless or carried out in one seamless action. Rather the inverse of these is also represented to the fact that during the latter half of the film, the couple experiences a degree of differentiation, circumscribing, stagnation, avoidance, and termination. Naturally, as is the case with many films, the ability of the filmmakers to encapsulate all of these actions and emotions within a brief one hour and 20 minutes is necessarily limited. However, each of these determinants is presented in a verifiable way so that it can be ascertained that this process is indeed taking place; howbeit in fast-forward. Similarly, although intimacy is oftentimes misunderstood to merely equate to a type of physical intimacy, involving sexual relations, this is not only what was presented within the movie in question. For instance, the scene regarding Ellis Island creates a moment of intense spiritual and psychological intimacy that sees both characters share from their past and bond rapidly over these realities. Although the film has previously been described within this analysis as something of each rig ht Hollywood production, this depth in helping to describe and elaborate upon human emotion is useful and relevant with regards to seeking to understand this film within the context of sociological and interpersonal development. This alternative definition of C is a welcome refreshment from the one-sided definition of intimacy is oftentimes presented to the viewer. Although it is true that neither physical nor emotional intimacy can be categorized as having a more powerful effect, seeking to exhibit both within a film is more effective means of presenting the level of closeness that would necessarily exist between characters that share such a bond. Similarly, as it is realized that there is tension between the two characters and a series of conflicts arise, it can be noted that the female character, played by Eva Mendes, begins to engage in what can be termed as a cost-benefit analysis of the relationship (Hitch 2005). Ultimately, as a result of the seeming deception that she has wi tnessed throughout the course of her relationship, she becomes highly self doubtful with regards to whether there remains any future between the two. However, as time goes on, it is clearly seen that a level of regret is exhibited on the part of both characters and they ultimately seek to reconcile these differences new the conclusion of the film.

Markteing Consultancy Report part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markteing Consultancy Report part 3 - Essay Example duction of iPhone, they changed the way people perceived smart phones – phones that exploit the benefits of what the Internet can offer with their easy to use web applications. The AppStores for iPhone products has created a new market for software programmers, from office applications to modern day games and video softwares. In order for iPhone to increase its market size and improve their profitability, this paper will focus on recommendations of marketing programmes that the company would need. The paper is centred on the Lauterborn’s 4C’s of marketing instead of the traditional McCarthy’s 4P’s. The traditional marketing programmes are concentrated on product, pricing, promotional and place strategies. With Lauterborn’s 4C’s, the marketing programmes will be motivated by consumers, costs, convenience and communication. Forget product. Apple must focus on consumer wants and needs. In today’s highly connected world, a company cannot sell whatever they can make any more. A successful company can only sell what a customer specifically wants to buy. Apple must need to lure each customer one by one and offer something in particular that each customer wants. Mobile phones, nowadays, are seen as a fashion item rather than a functional device. Most of the current mobile phones in the market offer similar features and functionalities. Apple can improve their market share by making iPhone available in different range of colours and features. Each customer must have an option to customize the physical aesthetics of the phone in order to suit their character and mood. A customized mobile phone would give the customer a feeling of ownership and uniqueness. Several designs of phone’s front and back covers should be made available in market in order to lure them to customize their own iPhone. Also, it is recommended that the company would create a suite of Internet based services that delivers email, contacts and calendars that can be linked

Ferdinand and Miranda Essay Example for Free

Ferdinand and Miranda Essay How does Shakespeare present the encounter between Ferdinand and Miranda from lines 450-499? The encounter between Miranda and Ferdinand in lines 450-499 of The Tempest is presented using three characters, Miranda, Ferdinand, and Prospero. Miranda and Ferdinand have fallen in love at first sight to Prosperos delight, though he doesnt want them to fall in love too quickly or interfere with his plans, so he lies to Miranda about Ferdinands unworthiness and then charms Ferdinand from moving. Miranda is presented as a helpless damsel distressed by the way her father handled this situation. If the ill spirit have so fair a house, Good things will strive to dwell witht These are Mirandas first words in these lines saying that physical beauty is a sign of proper morals and righteousness. This was an axiom during the renaissance period, hinting that she is only wise enough to state the obvious argument. After Ferdinand is charmed from moving she says, Hes gentle and not fearful. This sounding like she believes he is courageous, but more likely she is emphasizing his gentleness and compassion. These short interjections present Miranda as useless to the entire dispute. There are only three lines of verbal exchange between Miranda and Ferdinand, My father is of a better nature, sir, Than he appears by speech. This is unwonted Which now came from him. This shows Mirandas inexperience with men as she is almost too shy to say anything at all. Ferdinand is depicted as a good-looking man, with the normal qualities that come along with royalty such as courage, and a heroic nature. I will resist such entertainment (treatment) Till mine enemy has more power. This expresses Ferdinands royal nature, as he is accustomed to overpowering all enemies. After prospero commands his attention, accuses him of falsely bearing the title of the prince of Naples, and asks for him to obey his every word, Ferdinand says, No, as I am a man. This explains Ferdinand is used to getting what he wants and being adored by all and has previously given out orders rather than taken them. Finally, Ferdinand gives up arguing prospero, Might I but through my prison one a day Behold this maid He pledges his heart to Miranda saying that he doesnt care if he gets punished as long as he can see this girl. But both of these characters are dwarfed by Prosperos powers and wisdom. Prospero is the centre of all talk in these lines, as both of the younger characters are pleading to Prospero to let them live out their love for one another, though neither can match the sorcerers power, Come from they ward, For I can here disarm thee with this stick And make thy weapon drop. Here is the suggestion that prospero is the mightiest of all men, as his stick can defeat any armed man. His wisdom is also expressed through the use of proverbs, What, I say, my foot my tutor? This asserts Prosperos paternal control over Miranda as well as proving that prospero is a man of great intellect. All of Prosperos aside passages allow the audience to see through his eyes, (aside) They are both in eithers powers, but this swift Business I must uneasy make. Here we are told that prospero, despite the fact that he is pleased with his daughters love, is planning to put Ferdinand through menial tests, possibly to keep him from disturbing his plans. Seeing this passage through Prosperos eyes gives the audience a sense that he overwhelms the others in power and wisdom. Shakespeare has made Prospero the key to the presentation of this encounter.

Shaken Baby Syndrome: Treatment and Prognosis

Shaken Baby Syndrome: Treatment and Prognosis Ojeni Mardiroui Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Diagnosis and Treatment Prognosis of SBS Recommendations Conclusion References Shaken Baby Syndrome, it’s Treatment and what is the Prognosis Introduction â€Å"Child abuse† is abroad term that encompasses neglect, sexual or emotional abuse, and physical cruelty. Child abuse is common all over the world. Child abuse can lead to non accidental head injury (NAHI) or Abuse related craniocerebral trauma. These are injurious to the health of children. A number of children die every year due to the NAHI all over the world. In addition to this NAHI and SBS are the most common and frequent cause of death in the children of age between 6 to 12 months. Shaken baby syndrome includes violent shaking of a child, held by torso or extremities. The violent shaking of child causes uncontrolled abrupt head movements which eventually lead to trivial bruising or any trauma. The clinical symptoms of SBS include signs of severe diffuse cerebral trauma that is subdural hemorrhage, encephalopathy and retinal hemorrhage. In addition to this, sometimes rib fractures or several combinations of metaphyseal fractures also occur (Matschke, Herrmann, Sperhake , Kà ¶rber, Bajanowski, and Glatzel, 2009). The shaking baby syndrome is an old legal and medical diagnosis in the infants and adolescents. The SBS is also termed as abusive head trauma (AHT) and constitute same signs and diagnostic symptoms. Both of these traumas can be identified with the help of their symptoms (Squier, 2011). Discussion It is not essential that shaken baby syndrome is only caused by violently shaking the baby, but it can also be caused by hitting the head of baby on the wall or bed or floor surface. In this way, the brain in the skull displaces from its position. With the movement of brain, the blood vessels of the brain got damaged and bleeding occurs inside the skull, leading to irreparable damage or injury. Other problems that are associated with brain injury are blindness, cerebral palsy, learning and behavior problems, hearing loss, paralysis, seizures, or death. It is also evident that no symptoms are shown on the body of the baby after shaking the baby, however, sometimes bones are broken or bruising may occur (Squier, 2011). Diagnosis and Treatment Since in case of shaken baby syndrome, the victim is not able to identify the abuse or cannot talk about the pain and suffering, so it is difficult to diagnose and treat the shaken baby syndrome. Generally, the parents or caretaker of the victimized baby refute any type of abuse, or they may have not seen it, therefore it is difficult to correlate the findings with the history of the SBS (Findley, Barnes, Moran, and Squier, 2011). It is not guaranteed that the course of treatment would confirm or disapprove shaken baby syndrome. It is not necessary that a particular treatment or medication can treat the injury caused by SBS. Therefore, the SBS is not diagnosed easily; however, it can be taken as a legal conclusion. On the other hand, it is easy for the physicians to diagnose encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage and subdural hemorrhage from eye examinations and radiology images (Findley, Barnes, Moran, and Squier, 2011). It is also evident that the infants are soft and delicate and even a small injury can pose a threatening effect on their future lives. They are also more tolerant of increased intracranial pressure. A common cause of delay in the diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is that the assessment of signs and symptoms of SBS in infants are not easy. This is because of the reason that the infants are in their developmental stage. Commonly, the Glasgow Coma Scale is used to measure the level of impairment in the children by the shaken baby syndrome. This scale is not reliable enough and the results obtained from this scale are doubtful. The diagnosis of SBS is difficult; however, following conditions prevailing in a child can lead the healthcare professionals towards the diagnosis of SBS. If a child is presenting an unbelievable signs and symptoms consistently If a new adult partner is present at home If the parents or care taker show least interest in seeking medical treatment for the child If there is a delay in acquiring medical treatment If there is any previous record of child abuse If at the time of injury, no primary caregiver was present Along with the above mentioned symptoms, there are also some factors that are proved to be helpful for the healthcare professionals; they include cardiovascular collapse or mysterious shock, and inexplicable changes in neurologic status. After physically examining the affected child and after taking the history, there are some diagnostic tests that help to confirm the prevalence of SBS in child. These tests include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ophthalmologic exam, computed tomography (CT) scan, and x-rays. If the healthcare professional notices no evidence of increased intracranial pressure and if a subarachnoid hemorrhage is assumed, then a lumbar puncture is performed by the healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis of SBS (Squier, 2011). Prognosis of SBS The infants who suffered from SBS, their prognosis is worse as compare to those infants who experience accidental head trauma. Depending upon the severity of the signs and symptoms presented by the victim, the treatmnet plan of SBS is finalized. The treatmnet plan may encompass life sustaining or emergency measures as per requiremnet and prevailing condition of the affected child. In some of the cases brain surgery is recommended for the affected children, for relieving the intracranial pressure and along with this, respiratory support is also needed. There rae some children who need a short term treatment procedures, and some children who are badly affceted by the abuse, may need a long term treatmnet plan for coping up with the condition. The treatmnet plan may include occupational and physical therapy, special education and speech therapy. One third of the survivors of SBS may experience adverse conditions and disabilities, like lack of ability to walk, sit, or breathe. Most of the survivors undergo a vegetative state, and become nonresponsive throughout their lives. However, some survivors suffer from behavioral and learning problems, seizures, blindness, and other disabilities in their upcoming future (Matschke, Herrmann, Sperhake, Kà ¶rber, Bajanowski, and Glatzel, 2009). Recommendations Education is the best practice that can lead to prevention of shaken baby syndrome. The most significant intervention that nurses can take is the provision of education to the parent/caregiver, instead of assisting in life saving measures. Therefore the prime responsibility of nurses is to educate the masses so that such syndromes can be avoided. On the other hand, parents should be educated about the effective measures that can be taken to prevent SBS. Despite the fact that the newborn babies cry a lot, however, the behavior of the parents should calm and cool towards their new born child. If the baby continuously cries, then the parents should make sure that any signs of illness are prevailing or not, or make sure if the child is hungry and needs to be burped. If parents suspect any sort of injury or illness in the young children, they should immediately consult a doctor (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 2012). The parents should realize that it is not the fault of baby neither parents, if the baby continuously cries or if the parents are unable to calm their babies. All the normal and healthy babies cry a lot after their birth and till they become mature. The National Center for Shaken Baby Syndrome (NCSBS) has recommended the use of a special technique called, PURPLE. It stands for; Peak Pattern: for about two months the crying increases then it gradually decreases Unpredictable: a child may cry for long period of time without any reason Resistant to Soothing: child may cry for an indefinite period Pain-like Look on Face: a child may have expressions like he/she is having pain Long Bouts of Crying: a child can cry for hours Evening Crying: a child becomes active at evening and night and keeps on crying (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 2012). Conclusion Shaken baby syndrome is a devastating intentional injury that can lead to adverse health outcomes of a child. In Shaken baby syndrome, an injury occurs when a child is violently moved or shakes. The violent shaking of child ultimately leads to trivial bruising or any brain injury that can be fatal for the child. The diagnosis of SBS is complicated and requires proper medical history. Prevention of the syndrome is the most effective step to avoid the condition. All the babies cry in their early childhood, so the parents should be calm and treat their children accordingly. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). A journalist’s guide to Shaken Baby Syndrome: a preventable tragedy, retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/concussion/pdf/sbs_media_guide_508_optimized-a.pdf Findley, K. A., Barnes, P. D., Moran, D. A., Squier, W. (2011). Shaken baby syndrome, abusive head trauma, and actual innocence: getting it right. Hous. J. Health L. Poly, 12, 209, retrieved from http://www.law.uh.edu/hjhlp/Issues/Vol_122/Barnes.pdf Kelly, R. H., Bravos, Z. M. (2009). A critical look at the shaken baby syndrome. ILL. BAR J., 97, 200, retrieved from http://www.lawbravos.com/PDFs/shaken_baby.pdf Matschke, J., Herrmann, B., Sperhake, J., Kà ¶rber, F., Bajanowski, T., Glatzel, M. (2009). Shaken baby syndrome. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int, 106, 211-217, retrieved from http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf/DI/106/13/m211.pdf Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/concussion/headsup/sbs.html Squier, W. (2011). The â€Å"Shaken Baby† syndrome: pathology and mechanisms. Actaneuropathologica, 122(5), 519-542, retrieved from http://www.wisspd.org/htm/ATPracGuides/Training/ProgMaterials/Conf2011/ShakenBabyCases/18.pdf Stewart, T. C., Polgar, D., Gilliland, J., Tanner, D. A., Girotti, M. J., Parry, N., Fraser, D. D. (2011). Shaken baby syndrome and a triple-dose strategy for its prevention. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 71(6), 1801-1807, retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/Abstract/2011/12000/Shaken_Baby_Syndrome_and_a_Triple_Dose_Strategy.54.aspx

Identifying and Conquering Bulimia Essay -- Health, Eating Disorders

Before 1995, the island of Fiji had no reported cases of eating disorders. In three years of obtaining American and British television programming, more than two-thirds of the Fijian girls developed eating disorders and three quarters of the girls felt fat (Hall 1-2). Girls and guys are feeling more insecure about their bodies and are trying to cope with smothering feelings that come with being insecure. Some people aren’t well-educated on this topic, and because of that, they don’t see its seriousness. One example, bulimia, has been around for thirty years, and people are still not very familiar with the harm it can do physically and emotionally. Bulimia is when people choose to vomit their food up because they’re unsatisfied with their body. Bulimia nervosa can destroy not only a person's life but others around him/her, and it can be stopped with support and counseling. Bulimia exists for numerous reasons. It is normal for a person’s body to get bigger when it is growing. Most people handle that badly though, so they will do anything to get rid of that newly added weight. A handful of young people use bulimia to postpone growing up. This way of thinking may explain why college students are prime candidates for becoming bulimic (Hall 1-2). It is a way of expressing thoughts that cannot be put into words. It provides instant relief from the pain being caused from life. The throwing up replaces other actions, thoughts, and feelings. When the binge/purge episode is over, the bulimic gains control, but only for a moment. A sense of calm is felt. Nevertheless, the negative feelings soon return, and the cycle begins again. Another reason bulimia occurs is because of life changes or stressful events. If a close friend or family mem... ...d life. It takes time to work, but knowing that it’s going to work can make a bulimic person feel like he/she is taking the necessary action to get better. Bulimia is a serious eating disorder that needs to be addressed. It affects not only the bulimic, but also the bulimics friends and family. There are many solutions to this problem, but they go unnoticed because people chose to ignore bulimia and its seriousness. We need to spread the word. We need to make people aware of things they choose to ignore just because it isn’t affecting them. We need to make resources such as books, movies, and Prozac more accessible. A person with bulimia should not be scared or embarrassed to reach out to a friend or family member. He/she would want to help in any way they can. No one wants to sit back and watch a loved one suffer, especially if something can be done about it.

Dell Auditing Essay

Dell’s products Dell’s products can be separated by home and working sections. For personal clients Dell provide personal laptops, desktops, tablets and a sort of accessories. For enterprise and government users, Dell provide office equipment such as PCs, monitors, printers & electronics and Tablets. Workstations and services focus on servers, solutions and software. Dell’s competitors Competitors of Dell including Lenovo, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Asus and so on. Dell’s customers Based on the advantages of stability and advanced technology, the main part of the customers of Dell are government, enterprise and different institutions. The other part of Dell’s customer is family and personal users which focus on PCs, laptops and personal data services. Dell’s suppliers Dell’s global strategy made a wide and lengthy supply chain. 95% of its suppliers with including AMD, Hitachi, Microsoft and Samsung has been disclosed on the website http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/cr-ca-list-suppliers How does Dell market and distribute its products? For personal clients, Dell’s strategy is to customize its products in order to satisfy potential buyers’ requirement. One of the example is the Alienware Gaming PCs, which is designed and manufactured for high standard game player, Dell presented fashion appearance to attract teenagers and powerful performance to fulfill customers who is seeking perfect game experience. Products can be made for different functions and added distinguished accessories. To deal with the large orders from enterprises, government departments and institutions, Dell serves products and services with lower price and higher stability. Under this circumstances, customers will tend to choose Dell’s products constantly and may introduce them to other potential users. What is Dell’s business strategy? Dell is an obviously cost leadership company. Rely on the efficient supply chain, Dell gained superior price advantage. On the tablet and laptop market Dell has to face strong competition from Apple and Samsung but it was still the largest revenue contributor (31% according 10K) because the lower price in 2012. Dell also attempted on Alienware series to enter high performance PC market. Generally, the sources of Dell’s revenue was almost equally provided by enterprise solutions (46%) and services and Personal Client (54%). What are critical business processes for Dell given its basic business strategy? Dell’s cost leadership strategy is mainly supported by its efficient supply chain management. Suppliers for Dell are globally and widely separated in different businesses. Based on the supply system, Dell could ensure lower accessory price and negotiation advantages. Outsource manufacturing and services decreased the inventory and financial risk, which is normally in high technology industry because of product replacement. What accounting information is associated with the critical business processes and how does Dell measure up on that information? Cost of goods sold, inventory, account payable and revenues. What accounting methods does Dell use to report the accounting information associated with critical business processes and what is the risk of material misstatement? Dell uses FIFO to report inventory and revenue is recognized on the moment of shipment. The amount of account receivable is almost half of the current asset which means the highly risk of income statement adjustment. Inventory has been kept in lower level, consider about the return and exchange service, the number of inventory might be misstated either. Professional auditing standards provide guidance on the auditor’s consideration of an entity’s business risks. What is the auditor’s objective for understanding an entity’s business risks? Why does an auditor not have responsibility to identify or assess all business risks? Provide some examples of business risks associated with an entity that an auditor should consider when performing an audit. The purpose of business risks understanding is to offer auditors capability to recognize possible misstatement and make analysis and adjustment. Audit report will be more efficient and reasonable with support of business expertise. Auditors did not participate management process of the company, and sometimes material or highly material information will be presented to auditors. Auditor’s scope may be restricted or independence influence the accuracy of audit report.

Detection Step

Detection step:gh4h This step speaks about the detection design pattern in structural method or approach.Speake about the roles that important to define a pattern The specific relationship that used to detect the pattern. The high tolerance in detection to archive the high recall because the high precision will archive using ML step How extract and calculate the metrices for roles detected for that two patterns have similar structure. How decide the feature have appear in dataset depends of feature selection stepGive this dataset as input for classifier model created by learning step. The output will be classified roles for which pattern belongs.Specific things that recall less than 70% accuracy will taken as FP. Detection step (speak about detection the DP and their roles using highly tolerance design pattern detection approaches based in structure of design pattern and enhancing DPD tool to get all possible result might be DP. Extract selected metrics for this roles and give it to trained model to apply classification.Make comparing and performance and validation for models (FS vs notFS) (OP vs Not OP) (ensemble vs not for SVM, Ann, deep)? The comparative measure accuracy †¦. · Experiment and the result (I will use two pattern adapter and command to classification similar roles between those patterns , the accuracy will be model result accuracy and comparing the result with benchmark and previous studiesDetection step. The detection phase is divided into two steps: the structural detection design pattern roles step and roles distinguish step. The input in the first step will be the source code that we want to detect design pattern from, and the output is design pattern candidate roles, while the aim of our study distinguishes between patterns have a similarity of structural aspect the similar roles between two patterns will come out with the same name, the second step input is the candidate roles that are out of the first step and will be entered as input into learned classifier to classify roles according to which design pattern belongs. First step: structural detection Design pattern candidate is a group of classes, each class represents a role in design pattern and these classes connected together with a relationship according to the particular structure of design pattern. The similarities in design patterns occur due to the similarity of the structure of the corresponding patterns (the object-oriented relationship between these classes is same). This similarity leads to the problem of distinguishing between roles in similar structure design pattern that mean every role are corresponding to a role in another design pattern. Though identical in structure, the patterns are completely different in purpose In this step, the input will be the source code, and the output is a data-set that contains design pattern candidate roles associated with class metrics, as shown in figure?. To detect design pattern, we adjusted Tsantalis et al. work to produce similar roles in similar structural design patterns.for example, in state and strategy design patterns, there are two roles that influence the confusion of patterns (Strategy and State, Strategy_Context and State_Context ), the identical roles detected in this step will be under the same label(Strategy /State, Context). We have adapted a Tsantalis et al. approach to detect candidate by extending the definition of a design pattern roles to identify a set of design pattern roles with more tolerance regardless of the false positive and false negative results are permissible in this step that will be covered in next step using learned classifier model. next, software metrics for each design pattern roles produced are calculated and based on the feature selection step in learning phase meticas were selected to present them as features in a dataset, then the dataset normalized to prepare for next step. Second step: distinguishes between patterns have a similarity of structural.In this step, each design pattern role produced in the previous step is given to each design pattern classifier learned in the learning phase in order to determine which design pattern the design pattern role belong to, that the classifier is expert on. each similar structural design pattern roles are classified by a separate classifier with different subsets of features selected by feature selection method to best represent each one of them. Then, each classifier states its opinion with a confidence value. Finally, if the confidence value of the candidate combination of classes is located in the con- fidence range of that design pattern, then, the combination is a design pattern, otherwise it is not.4.——————————A. Chihada et al.Design pattern detection phase The input of this phase is a given source code and the output is design pattern instances existing in the given source code. To per-form this phase, the proposed method uses the classifiers learned in the previous phase to detect what groups of classes of the given source code are design pattern instances. This phase is divided into two steps, preprocessing and detection.3.2.1. Preprocessing In this section, we try to partition a given system source code into suitable chunks as candidate design pattern instances. Tsanalis et al. [7] presented a method for partitioning a given source code based on inheritance hierarchies, so each partition has at most one or two inheritance hierarchy. This method has a problem when some design pattern instances involving characteristics that extend beyond the subsystem boundaries (such as chains of delegations) cannot be detected. Furthermore, in a number of design patterns, some roles might be taken by classes that do not belong to any inheritance hierarchy (e.g., Context role in the State/Strategy design patterns [1]). In order to improve the limitations of the method presented in[7], we propose a new procedure that candidates each combination of b classes as a design pattern instance, where b is the number of roles of the desired design pattern. Algorithm 1 gives the pseudocode for the proposed preprocessing procedure. Algorithm 1.   The proposed preprocessing procedureInput: Source code class diagrams Output: Candidate design pattern instances1. Transform given source code class diagrams to a graph G2. Enrich G by adding new edges representing parent's relationships to children according to class diagrams3. Search all connected subgraphs with b number of vertices from G as candidate design pattern instances4. Filter candidate design pattern instances that haven't any abstract classes or interfaces 3.2.2. Design pattern detectionIn this step, each candidate combination of classes produced in the preprocessing step is given to each design pattern classifier learned in Phase I of the proposed method in order to identify whether the candidate combination of classes is related to the design pattern that the classifier is expert on. Then, each classifier states its opinion with a confidence value. Finally, if the confidence value of the candidate combination of classes is located in the confidence range of that design pattern, then, the combination is a design pattern, otherwise it is not.Phase One (Intra-Class Level)The primary goal of phase one is to reduce the searchspace by identifying a set of candidate classes for every rolein each DP, or in other words, removing all classes that aredefinitely not playing a particular role. By doing so, phase oneshould also improve the accuracy of the overall recognitionsystem. However, these goals or benefits are highly dependenton how effective and accurate it is. Although some falsepositives are permissible in this phase, its benefits can becompromised if too many candidate classes are passed to phasetwo (e.g. _ 50% of the number of classes in the softwareunder analysis). On the other hand, if some true candidateclasses are misclassified (they become false negatives), thefinal recall of the overall recognition system will be affected.So, a reasonable compromise should be struck in phase oneand it should favour a high recall at the cost of a low precision.Phase Two (Inter-Class Level)In this phase, the core task of DP recognition is performedby examining all possible combinations of related roles' candidates. Each DP is recognized by a separate classifier, whichtakes as input a feature vector representing the relationshipsbetween a pair of related candidate classes. Similarly, to rolesin phase one, different DPs have different subsets of featuresselected to best represent each one of them. Input featurevectors and model training are discussed in section V. The work that we present in this paper is built on the ideas of [11] where the author presents design pattern detection method based on similarity scoring algorithm.In the context of design pattern detection, the similarity scoring algorithm is used for calculating similarity score between a concrete design pattern and analyzed system. Let GA(system) and GB(pattern) be two directed graphs with NA and NB vertices. The similarity matrix Z isdefined as an NBÃâ€"NA matrix whose entry SIJ expresses how similar vertex J (in GA) is to vertex I (in GB) and is called similarity score between two vertices (I and J). Similarity matrix Z is computed in iterative way: 0In [11] authors define a set of matrices for describing specific (pattern and software system) features (for example associations, generalizations, abstract classes). For each feature, a concrete matrix is created for pattern and for software system, too (for example association matrix, generalization matrix, abstract classes matrix). This processleads to a number of similarity matrices of size NBÃâ€"NA (one for each described feature). To obtain overall picture for the similarity between the pattern and the system, similarity information is exploited from all matrices.In the process of creating final similarity matrix, different features are equivalent. To preserve the validity of the results, any similarity score must be bounded within therange ?0, 1?. Higher similarity score means higher possibility of design pattern instance. Therefore, individual matrices are initially summed and the resulting matrix is normalized by dividing the elements of column i (corresponding to similarity scores between all system classes and pattern role i) by the number of matrices (ki) in which the given role is involved. Tsantalis et al. in [6] introduced an approach to design pattern identification based on algorithm for calculating similarity between vertices in two graphs. System model and patterns are represented as the matrices reflecting model attributes like generalizations, associations, abstract classes, abstract method invocations, object creations etc. Similarity algorithm is not matrix type dependant, thus other matrices could be added as needed. Mentioned advantagesof matrix representation are 1) easy manipulation with the data and 2) higher readability by computer researchers. Every matrix type is created for model and pattern and similarity of this pair of matrices is calculated. This process repeats for every matrix type and all similarity scores are summed and normalized. For calculating similarity between matrices authors used equation proposed in [8]. Authors minimized the number of the matrix types because some attributes are quite common in system models, which leads to increased number of false positives. Our main concern is the adaptation of selected methods by extending their searching capabilities for design smell detection. Most anti-patterns haveadditional structural features, thus more model attributes need to be compared. We have chosen several smells attributes different from design patterns features which cannot be detected by original methods. Smell characteristics (e.g., what is many methods and attributes) need to be defined. On the other hand, some design patterns characteristics are also usable for flaw detection. Structural features included in both extended methods are:associations (with cardinality)generalizationsclass abstraction (whether a class is concrete, abstract or interface).5.2 Pattern Definition Process rasoolPattern definitions are created from selection of appropriate feature types which are used by the recognition process to detect pattern instances from the source code. Precision and recall of pattern recognition approach is dependent on the accuracy and the completeness of pattern definitions, which are used to recognize the variants of different design patterns. The approach follows the list of activites to create pattern definitions. The definition process takes pattern structure or specification and identifies the majorelement playing key role in a pattern structure. A major element in each pattern is any class/interface that play central role in pattern structure and it is easy to access other elements through major element due to its connections. For example, in case of Adapter pattern, adapter class plays the role of major element. With identification of major element, the process defines feature in a pattern definition. The process iteratively identifies relevant feature types for each pattern definition. We illustrate the process of creating pattern definitions by activity diagram shown in Figure 5.3. The activity ?define feature for pattern definition? further follows the criteria for defining feature type for pattern definition. It searches the feature type in the feature type list and if the desired feature is available in the list, it selects the feature type and specifies its parameters. If the catalogue do not have desired feature in the list, the process defines new feature types for the pattern definition. The process is iterated until the pattern definition is created which can match different variants of a design pattern. The definition of feature type checks the existence of a certain feature and returns the elements that play role in the searched feature. The pattern definitions are composed from organized set of feature types by identifyingcentral roles using structural elements. The pattern definition process reduces recognition queries starting definition with the object playing pivotal role in the pattern structure. The definition process filters the matching instances when any single feature type does not match desired role. The definition of Singlton used for pattern recogniton is given below in Figure 5.2. Pattern Definition The pattern definition creation process is repeatable that user can select a single featuretype in different pattern definitions. It is customizable in the sense that user can add/remove and modify pattern definitions, which are based on SQL queries, regular expressions, source code parsers to match structural and implementation variants of different patterns. The approach used more than 40 feature types to define all the GoF patterns with different alternatives. The catalogue of pattern definitions can be extended by adding new feature types to match patterns beyond the GoF definitions.Examples of Pattern DefinitionsWe used pattern creation process to define static, dynamic and semantic features of patterns. It is clarified with examples that how features of a pattern are reused for other patterns. We selected one pattern from each category of creational, structural and behavioral patterns and complete list of all GoF pattern definitions is given in Appendix B. We describe features of Adapter, Abstract factory method and Observer in the following subsections. 5.3.1To be able to work on design pattern instances we need a way to represent them in some kindof data structure. The model used by the Joiner specifies that a design pattern can be defined from the structural point of view using the roles it contains and the cardinality relationship between couple of roles. -We describe a design motif as a CSP: each role is represented as a variable and relationsamong roles are represented as constraints among the variables. Additional variables andconstraints may be added to improve the precision and recall of the identification process.Variables have identical domains: all the classes in the program in which to identify thedesign motif. For example, the identification of micro-architectures similar to the Compositedesign motif, shown in Fig. 3, translates into the constraint system: Variables:clientcomponentcompositeleafConstraints:association(client, component)inheritance(component, composite)inheritance(component, leaf)composition(composite, component)where the four constraints represent the association, inheritance, and composition relationssuggested by the Composite design motif. When applying this CSP to identifyoccurrences of Composite in JHOTDRAW (Gamma and Eggenschwiler 1998), the fourvariables client, component, composite, and leaf have identical domainsWe seek to improve the performance and the precision of the structural identificationprocess using quantitative values by associating numerical signatures with roles in designmotifs. With numerical signatures, we can reduce the search space in two ways:– We can assign to each variable a domain containing only those classes for which thenumerical signatures match the expected numerical signatures for the role.– We can add unary constraints to each variable to match the numerical signatures of theclasses in its domain with the numerical signature of the corresponding role. These two ways achieve the same result: they remove classes for which the numericalsignatures do not match the expected numerical signature from the domain of a variable,reducing the search space by reducing the domains of the variables.Numerical signatures characterise classes that play roles in design motifs. We identifyclasses playing roles in motifs using their internal attributes. We measure these internalattributes using the following families of metrics: