A case study on Padini Malaysia Essay

Introduction: In Malaysia Padini become the eyes catching brand in the most famous giant shopping mall. This brand also the most successful brand that I meet that can compete with the foreign same line brands like Giordano, Esprit, Elle and etc. From the minor focus group I did between my friends and relatives, surprisingly more than 90% of them thought that Padini is the foreign branded name like Esprit. Until I told them that actually Padini is the Malaysia local brand they also feel proud of this brand— Padini. Thus, Padini also has the history from the stretch until today so popular in the Malaysia consumers mind. Therefore, this is the reason why I chosen Padini as the brand that is MADE IN MALAYSIA to compete with other brands in Hong Kong to show that Malaysia Boleh! History: Padini began as a backend operation in Malaysia’s apparel industry, manufacturing, trading and supplying garments for retailers and distributors. Padini in Malaysia’s is a multibillion textiles and garment industry, a brand leader involved in the distribution and retail of its own fashion labels through 170 freestanding stores and in house outlet. It has also proudly carried the Made-in-Malaysia stamp abroad, with garment exports to Singapore, Thailand, Brunei and West Asia. The success of the company can be attributed to the prudence of it management and the commitment of its staff. Padini Products Range: Padini is mainly an integrated operation that controls its products – fashion  wear and accessories – from concept stage to manufacturing, merchandising and image marketing. Each brand represents a fashion philosophy; each philosophy covers a comprehensive range of products aimed at a targeted consumer. Brand image is strongly backed up by real value: quality, functionality and price. Padini Brands We address fashion-conscious consumers of both sexes and all ages through eight distinct brands: Padini Classic, Padini Authentic, PDI, P & Co, Seed, Miki House, and Rope. Vincci accessories have focused on the fast changing tastes of woman consumers, and Seed Cafe opens an exciting new dimension in food operations for the company. Padini’s New Stores The company is on the expansion trail, with new stores targeted in the immediate future for Ampang Point, Prangin Mall Penang, Jusco Maluri and IOI Mall. The Padini Mega Store in Johor Baru confirms the company’s reputation as a visionary leader in fashion retail. The 12,000 sq ft store consolidates all its brands under one roof for a total experience in shopping for clothes. In The Pipeline Padini will maintain and increase its leadership position in Malaysia’s fashion industry through various strategies. New brands and increased product diversity are key expansion policies. The company will continue to upgrade the image of its products while emphasising value and quality. Vincci is the company’s successful toehold in the lucrative but competitive women’s footwear market. There are plans to strengthen its dominant position with improved production lines and increased capacity. Having successfully etched its brand names into the consciousness of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its various labels into regionally recognised fashion  leaders. It intends to fulfil the potential of the export market, especially in the Asean region, and will also step up overseas marketing for its products. Image Activities Padini recognises the value of advertising and promotions in enhancing the presence and leadership of its brands. It participates in:*Magazine Advertising (Female, Nuyou, Eh!, Cleo, Marie Claire, FHM, New Tide and Cittabella) *Cinema Advertising (Tanjong Golden Village, Mega and Pavillion) Blow-up posters at key freestanding stores, banners and fashion shows have all contributed to Padini’s complete lifestyle message. Vision The vision shared by everyone in Padini is to be the market leader in the retail industry. We are committed to achieving this goal through hard work, discipline and creative endeavour. Currently, Padini Holdings is consolidating its operations in order to be even more streamlined. In the long terms, we will continue to maintain our high standard of design and manufacturing quality as well as affordability. We are also working towards expanding the business on a regional basis. At present, we have a growing presence in our neighbouring countries, and we believe that there is great scope for growth. Environmental scanning towards country chosen: Marketing in different countries around the world are depending to many influences. It is possible to identify those influences in order to understand the market thoroughly. The development of successful international marketing strategies is based on an effective understanding of the similarity and differences that exist in the countries around the world. Padini are concerned with international markets need to be aware of the variety market contemplations relevant to their operations. Especially Padini only has limited exposure to international markets. Padini also lack of experiences toward the totally differences culture, geographically and other PEST factors countries like Hong Kong and Taiwan. The countries that Padini recently built their brand identity are Singapore, Thailand and Brunei. Therefore, in this assignment I plan to develop this domestic brand —-Padini in Hong Kong. Although it is full of challenge built this domestic brand in this full of stiff competition country. At the same time, Padini also will face a lot of the new problems like how to manage the four seasonal stocks keeping, design, 4p’s and etc. But, if Padini can overcome the problems and successfully built the brand image like Giordano, in the future Padini also can develop their brand in Japan, Middle East, Pakistan and etc. It is because Giordano already successfully open their outlets around the world, amazingly Giordano able to open 50 outlets in Middle East. Thus, in order to eliminate the problems we must scan the environment thoroughly. Buyer behaviour In international marketing the type of buyer behaviour must be matched to market considerations. Thus, Padini must understand the Hong Kong consumers buying behaviour towards fashion. The type of consumer buying behaviour varies according to the type of buying decision. The main influences relate to the differences between the brands available to the consumer and the degree of personal involvement decision. Buying process is relatively quick because of the limited differences between brands (it means the brands that have parallel image like Bossini, Giordano, Elle and etc) But not included high price brands like Guess, Calvin Klein (CK), Gucci and etc. It also under low involvement, low price compare to  Gucci and low risk group. Thus, consumers will always make their quick and fast decision when purchase Padini products. Therefore, if Padini enter into Hong Kong market, in the future Padini will become the potential brand in international market. Culture The difference of culture in international marketing is thoughtful. It is an obvious source of difference. Some easy to manage but some the other ways round. Culture is difficult to define precisely. It is the way, which people live together in a society, it also can influence by religion, education, family and reference groups. In Hong Kong the Hongkee are very concern about their personal image, especially the younger generation. They are willing to spend the money to make-up themselves and never think about the saving. Padini will has a competitive advantage in fashion market it is because nowadays the trend for the fashion will change so aggressively. Padini still can keep the cost low production because Padini is the backend operation apparel industry. Padini also can eliminate the culture problem in Hong Kong it is because the culture between Malaysia Chinese and Hong Kong are quite similar. It is because the Malaysian had influenced by Hong Kong culture through broadcast and media since we had our television. Politic factors The legal system operating within a host country is an important environmental influence for international marketers. Fortunately Padini products are the simple ordinary consumer products. But, the following areas in which international marketing management will be concerned to understand the legal position. Contracts for the supply and delivery of goods and services The registration and enforcement of trademarks, brand names, labelling Patents;Marketing communications;Pricing ;Product safety, acceptability and environmental issues Hong Kong is a free port and the financial hub in Asia. In Hong Kong the politic is stable compare to a lot of other countries. Therefore, it is the time to develop the brand in that country. Economic factors Countries can be classified in a variety of ways. Most classifications are based on national income and degree of industrialisation. Hong Kong GDP per capita in excess of $ 3000. The market size and growth is encouraged, it is because Giordano can open the more than 50 outlets in Hong Kong within a years. Thus, the demand will very impressive if Padini fashion can really suit the taste of the Hongkee. Competitive factors Stiff competition sure will occur in Hong Kong market, but Padini brand image is strongly backed up by real value: quality, functionality and price. In Michael Porter’s five forces the important forces that can affect Padini in Hong Kong is the rivalry between the competitors and customers. The others like substitutes, supplier and new entrant will be the second consideration. How to develop brand image 3.0 Symbols Buyers respond differently to company and brand images. The primary way to account for NIKE. NIKE succeeded in convincing millions of young consumers that shoe is not simply the shoe, it’s an attitude. Padini should also need to acquire this influence power in consumers’ mind. 3.1Media/ Advertising Padini in Malaysia is the popular brand in consumers mind. If Padini wish to develop the brand image in the Hong Kong consumers mind it not so easy. Therefore, Padini should appear in the most popular Hong Kong magazine. Apart from it, Padini also can give the post card brochures to customers to increase the brand awareness. On top of that, Padini might engage in programmes that broadcast the fashion shows around the clock or 24 hours in the Specially formulated Fashion Channel in the satellite TV. 3.2:Events/ product endorsement A company can build an identity through the events it sponsors. Every one know that Hong Kong TV programmes is attractive, consumers like to watch TV at the same time they also like to take the actor or actress as their image role model. Thus, if Padini can successfully sponsor the costume to the actor or actress in some soup opera or TV programmes. Padini brand will become more popular. These role models can conduct fan club activities featuring autography session and all these product endorsers are wearing Padini outfits. When Padini develop their brand in Hong Kong it still need to choose the appropriate media to promote their brand and products. Thus, Padini can take part in their fashion show. For example, every month in Hong Kong most popular shopping centre â€Å"TIME SQUARE† will conduct the fashion show. At the same time, a lot of the famous actors and actresses will come to give the comment toward the model, designer and the fashion they wear. If Padini  product also can be chosen by the famous actor or actress as their brand I feel that Padini will has the bright future in Hong Kong. 3.3: Atmosphere The physical space occupied by the company is another powerful image generators. For example, in Hong Kong DKNY developed a distinctive image through its outlets. When you enter in you will feel enter into star trek space ship. Thus, Padini need to survey how the competitors outlets interior design, layout, colour and furnishings in order to match the taste of the customers. If not, the consumers will project the brand is the inferior brand because of the outlets. How to maintain the brand equity—– ICEBERG MODEL Padini also need to plan how to maintain the brand equity, actually maintain the brand equity is difficulty as develop the brand. A brand is what the customer buys. But, the equity is the marketing asset that exists in the customer’s mind. Brands must be holistically integrated to meet target needs. For example in the Iceberg model the brand with nothing below the waterline lacks depth and sustainability. Thus it will not last for a long period of time. Actually Padini must always take care of their stakeholders. Padini should not only aim for maximising the profit and abandon the employees and other shareholders feeling. The best employees will generate the empire for the company if they sincere to their company. They will feel proud to be the members of the company. On the other hand, if the company squeeze them lack of motivation to them, sooner or later they will try to  destroy the brand of the company. How to be a social responsible brand Nowadays the global marketer concern about environmental issues and social responsible. Padini also can take this opportunity to develop their brand in consumers mind. Padini can do some promotion for example, if the customers purchase their products and keep their recycle bag for next time shopping use in Padini outlet they will deduct 10 cents for the environment charity group. It is because Padini can cultivate the customers to become more environmental friendly and Padini also can save their cost. At the same time, if everyone in Time Square carries Padini Bag, the other will be curious and wish to be part of the culture too. Therefore, the bag should have the serial number therefore the retailers only can proof the bag is old. From the serial number, Padini also can motivate the customers in the better way by offering them the lucky draw in every month to win the Padini products like belt, tee- shirt, vouchers and etc. Padini is the manufactures they have high technology in dyeing the material. At the same time, Padini also can tell the consumers that they very concern the environment pollution issues. Conclusion—- Long Term Strategy Padini also need to do the internal and external audit to strengthen the position in the international market. To do the audit the first step should do by Padini is to benchmarking with their strategy group competitors. The following picture is some example how to maintain the advertisement quality, outlets atmosphere, models, design and brand image compare with the competitors. Therefore, Padini also need to employ some of the foreign designer to pump in  some new blood in their new innovate design or pattern. Padini also need to provide some training to their stuffs to enhance skill and knowledge. As we know that world change aggressively, competitors have born everyday. If we cannot plan to create the value chain to the company, the company will hard to survive prosperity.

Market Management – Aramex

Aramex Assessing Brand Strategy: And the small shall act big†¦ Aramex is a fast growing brand with an exceptional business model which has been present in the middle east reigon for nearly 30 years and with a culture focused on innovations and entreprenuership, it is aiming to be recognised as the fifth global express and logistics service provider Brand Personality: Started very small with a strong visionary personality and alot of ambitious to grow big, Aramex is a founding member of the Global Distribution Alliance. What makes Aramex different from other express companies in the market? Armex is the only ‘All in one total transportation provider’, with high level of customised transportation solutions providing diversified services like international express delivery, freight forwarding, logistics, domestic express delivery, document management and a shopping online service which is one of their extremelly succesful world-class innovations called â€Å"shop and ship† where customers can go online and get a US- or UK-based address assigned by Aramex, do their shopping and get their packages delivered to that domestic address in the US or UK.Aramex picks up (the shopping) and brings it over to the region (the shipping). Delivery Unlimited: The slogan reviles the willingness of the company to have a footprint on each corner across the globe, expansions strategies have already taken place as the company have announced the acquicition of Ireland-headquartered Aquaship Agencies, which will strengthen the presence of Aramex in the Irish market and will expand its ocean freight capabilities in Europe.What Message do they deliver on their websites? Aramex develops a unique brand image through their website, they show excellency in all areas, they have developed many electronic tools enabling the customers to manage their shipping needs, tools such as Shipment Status Notification where customers can get updates on their shipments on daily or w eekly basis. Customers also can track their shippments by SMS, just by sending their shippment number to Aramex.All these services benefiting the customers which are done in a unique way have made aramex to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of their customers. How do their staff interact with customers? Speed, reliabilty and trust can be easily noticed in aramex staff, they are every where, offices, motorcycles,vans, trucks, boats and 24 hours call center and social netwroking websites. A customer can contact aramex on their Facebook page, simply by writing his/her query on their wall and aramex will reply instantly.With a team who is expert in their field, they can easily manage customers requirments. What customers think when they think of Aramex? Always there on time, and to reach that, aramex is proactive in engaging with their customers , they have a highly Trained Customer Management Teams who conduct customer survays to have a better understanding of customer needs in or der to improve the quality of their customer services.Features/Benefits of Aramex services: Aramex makes offers from time to time to attarct potential customers and to atract thir current customers to a particular service, few months ago MasterCard cardholders would receive 50% off the membership and 10% off all shipping charges. This offer enabled cardholders to enjoy Shop and Ship's renowned convenience and reach at even lower rates.

Boston Chicken Case

Boston Chicken implemented a franchising strategy that differed from most other franchising companies at the time. Boston Chicken focused its expansion through franchising the company through large regional developers rather than selling store franchises to a large number of small franchisees. In that, an established network of 22 regional franchises that targeted their operations in the 60 largest U.S. metropolitan markets and in order to do so, the franchisee would have been an independent experienced businessman with vast financial resources and would be responsible for opening 50 – 100 stored in the region. Boston Chicken focused on widespread continuous expansion of its operations to become to developed across the board food chain. Scouting for real estate assured the highest standards for developing properties and was critical to the company’s future success. To assist in future growth of the franchises, Boston Chicken implemented a communications infrastructure, which provided a supporting link for communication between its networks of stores. In addition in efforts to improve operating efficiency, the company locked in low rates from its suppliers and developed flagship stores, which did most of the initial food preparation which inadvertently reduced employee training costs. Many of these regional developers were given a revolving credit line to help support expansion. This type of financing came with credit risk while the franchises average revenue from operations were not sufficient enough to cover the expenses which raises doubt for the repayment of such loans. 2. The accounting policy of reporting the franchise fees from Boston Chicken’s area developers as revenue seemed most controversial. These franchise fees, which accounted for more than 50% of total revenue, did not represent revenues from operations. Also, the source of most of the ranchise fees came from the financing provided by Boston Chicken, the franchiser, where the money coming in was the same money that was going out. This overstated earnings of the company. Since the debentures can be converted into shares of common stock, most of the revenue from franchise fees should have been deferred. Reporting revenues that included these franchise fees his the fact the most of the franchised stores were operating at a loss, which provided a false impression to investors. While Boston Chicken, the franchiser reported a net income from operations of $24,611 in 1994, if they excluded the income provided by franchise fees, they company-operated stores would have been operating at a loss, which would have been a more accurate picture for the company’s operations and its question of having a profitable future. 3. Boston Chicken, the franchiser, reports revenue based on franchise fees (includes royalties, initial franchise development costs, interest income from area developer financing, lease income, software fees, and other related franchise fees), and company operated stores. The revenue reported on the income statement does not reflect the operating income or losses generated by the area developers, with most of these area developers operating at a loss. Since the franchiser provides financing to the area developers, it seems that consolidation of the financial statements would provide vital information to the users of the financial statements especially since the repayment of loans relies heavily on the profitability of the franchisees. Basically, Boston Chicken was not reporting the results of operations from its area developers because Boston Chicken did not have an equity position in these firms; rather their stake in these franchises was reported as debt financing. In doing so, Boston Chicken did not have to report the losses that were incurred in these operations. By manipulating the financial statements, the company gave a false impression on its future prospects of the company, allowing them to more freely raise capital through the issuance of common stock, and inadvertently inflating tock prices. 4. The balance of notes receivable from area developers as of December 25, 1994 was at $201,266. Of this amount there was no allowance for loan loss and as a result, revenues would be overstated. With the high probability of uncollectibility on notes receivable due to the majority of operating losses of the area developers, creating an allowance for loan losses would more accurately reflect the financial position of Boston Chicken. Even with just a 25% allowance for uncollectibility the company would be operating at a loss of $25,714. 5 7. In the financial information provided in the case for 1994, Boston Chicken’s Operating profit for the year was $24,611, and net earnings $0. 38 per share. In 1995 Operating Profit for the year increased to $67,238 and net earnings to $0. 66 per share. Boston chicken continued to recognize profits in 1996, but was forced to amend its reported profits in May of 1997 due to improperly stating revenues. In 1998 the company files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and was subsequently purchased by McDonalds Corporation in 2000. As seen in Table 1 on the following page, it seems that since around the 2nd Quarter in 1997 to mid 2004 the stock price of the plummeted from around $50 per share to under $1 per share. At the time the stock price dropped drastically to $0. 00010 per share. In 2007, the company was sold to Sun Capital and went private. 6. After the company filed for bankruptcy, the stock price took a huge hit. In 1999 the company searched for a buyer as its stock price continued to steadily decline. As you can see in Table 1, trading volume drastically fell during the 1999 – 2000 period, and showed an increase in 2000 when McDonalds Corp purchased the company.

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The Element Nitrogen - Research Paper Example Nitrogen is the most abundant gaseous component of earth’s atmosphere constituting 78% by volume.It is colorless, odorless and commonly inert gas.Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature with density of 0.001165 grams /cc. Solid nitrogen lets at 63.35 K and has a boiling point of 77.35 K. It has a relatively low heat of fusion and heat of vaporization of 51.48 J /g and 2.7928 J /mole respectively. Solid nitrogen has specific heat close to water at 1.040 J / g 0 C. Nitrogen has two stable naturally occurring isotopes, 14N and 15N. The predominant isotope being 14N has 99.636% natural abundance. Other isotopes are also noted but are short lived and decay rapidly. Triple bonding in diatomic nitrogen N2 is one of the strongest. Nitrogen has electronegativity of 3.04 and has 5 valence electrons in its outer shell; therefore, nitrogen is commonly trivalent in most compounds. Nitrogen is also non-flammable, therefore, is not combustible. It also has considerably high first ionization an d second ionization energy. Compounds of Nitrogen Nitrogen is non-metallic element. It commonly forms oxide in its different oxidation state. Nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the most common oxides formed by nitrogen. It also forms dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) using its higher oxidation state.Nitrogen also forms hydride as ammonia (NH3). Nitrogen combines with Fluorine to form various fluorides like Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), Dinitrogen tetrafluoride (N2F4), cis-difluorodiazine (N2F2) and trans-difluorodiazine (N2F2). Nitrogen chloride and Nitrogen iodide can also be formed; NCl3and NI3. Ammonia (NH3) Ammonia is a colorless gas with characteristic pungent odor. It has density of 0.86  kg/m3. It is soluble in water to form basic hydroxide NH4OH. Solubility is increased at lower temperatures. Ammonia has trace concentration in the atmosphere as result of decaying matter. Ammonia and ammonium salts are present in rainwater and some areas where volcanic activity is noted. Ammonia is also present in soil and seawater. It is also found in Pluto, Jupiter and Uranium. The ancient Greek, European alchemists and the romans have historical writings about nitrogen. In 1774,Joseph Priestley successfully isolated gaseous ammonia and he called it alkaline air. Nitric acid (HNO3) Nitric acid is a strong acid commonly called aqua fortis and spirit of nitre. It is also a common oxidizing agent in organic and inorganic chemistry. Anhydrous nitric acid has density of 1.512 g/cm3, melting point of -420C and boils at 830C. Nitric acid partially decomposes to nitrogen dioxide (N2O) at room temperature. Nitric acid has been known since antiquity and is commonly used in alchemy. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish gas at room temperature. It is primarily an intermediate in the synthesis of nitric acid and a major air pollutant. It has density of 2.62 g cm-3and boils at 21  Ã‚ °C. Nitric oxide ( NO) Also called nitorgen monoxide. It is a free radical and is unstable in normal conditions. It is a a byproduct of combustion of fuel oils and automobile engines. Nitric oxide is colorless and has denisty of 1.3402 g dm?3, melts at ?164  Ã‚ °C, and boils at ?152  Ã‚ °C. Solubility in water is 74 cm3 dm?3. Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Also called nitrogen peroxide. It is commonly found in equlibrium with NO2. It is known for its oxidizing power and corrosive properies. It is colorless gas with

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and Research Paper

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and technology that will most significantly impact higher edu - Research Paper Example Raby, R.& Valeau, E. (2009) Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform. New York: Springer. This book focuses on community colleges and how they are affected by globalization. In the part that is summarized in the literature review, the authors look at how community colleges can help with humanitarian concerns. It also looks at the neo-liberal model, which means that colleges are looked at like a commodity, and the implications of this in the global world. They also look at the â€Å"global paradox† (p. 23), which means that the needs of the local grow greater as the polity and the economy grows larger. Technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Cook, J., White, S., Sharples, M., Sclater, N. & Davis, H. (2007) The design of learning technologies. In Contemporary Perspectives in E-Lea rning Research: Themes, Methods and Impact on Practice. Ed. Grainne Conole and Martin Oliver. New York: Routledge. This article examines new learning technologies, focusing on technologies that encourage students to learn interactively. These technologies include interactive games, and virtual worlds. Also looks at how students may be encouraged to create their own technology. Accountability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Burke, J. (2005) The many faces of accountability. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, Burke looks at what educational accountability means. He focuses on the different types of accountability, which means that universities are accountable to different stakeholders. He also looks at what the changing landsc ape – increasing tuition and enrollments and exploding state needs – means for accountability in higher education. Zumeta, W. (2005) Accountability and the private sector: State and federal perspectives. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, the author looks at how state and federal stakeholders view higher education accountability. Erwin, T. (2005) Standardized testing and accountability: Finding the way and the will. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This article looks at the push for standardized testing in higher education, and looks at why educators are opposed to the idea. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Applicationâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Introduction In higher education today, there are a variety of challenges that educators and college and university leaders must face. One of these challenges is that the world has become increasingly globalized. The implications for the institutions of higher learning are that students must become multi-cultural, and they also must have the skills which are needed in a changing world. These skills are also constantly changing, as there are paradigm shifts in what is necessary to

Court Visit Assignment and Instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Visit Assignment and Instructions - Essay Example In relation to the court visited SFCSC, the case of Nevada patient dumping lawsuit of 2013 has been apparently identified. Based on the observation made, it was found that James C. Mahan, the US District Judge, was appointed as the chief Judge of the court in order to make decisions with respect to the claims made by the attorney of the City and County of San Francisco against Nevada healthcare departments and agencies. With regards to the court visited â€Å"Santa Clara Superior Court,† the case of ‘Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company’ was recognized. Notably, the Presiding Judge of this case was Mr. Justice Harlan. The court or the jurisdiction body of the case was from the Civil Division of the Superior Court of San Francisco. The Civil Division of SFCSC focuses on conducting civil trials with respect to the case. Moreover, the division also tends to manage civil filings, appeals, records along with different civil claims and cases among others within the City and County of San Francisco (Judicial Council of California., 2014). On the other hand, it was the county department of â€Å"Santa Clara Superior Court,† which emphasized delivering appropriate and relevant opinions with respect to the above identified case. With regards to the claim made by Santa Clara County in opposition to Southern Pacific Railroad Company for the due as well as the recovery of county along with state taxes, the county department of the court took certain legal proceedings in order to reach into a valid conclusion. This was mainly conducted through properly going through the assertions made by both the parties and managing relevant flings records as well as appeals (Hartmann, 2010). Since the case of Nevada patient dumping lawsuit was under the Civil Division of the SFCSC, the jurisdiction body of the Court of California incorporated a number of officers including the Judge,

U.S. HISTORY I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. HISTORY I - Essay Example The war itself did not have a starting point, but began in a series of steps and a number of American Presidents had a part to play during the period. With the French fighting a loosing battle to retain control of the Indochina colony and Vietnam, the then US President Harry Truman, offered a small economic and military support to the French. But after the Vietnamese defeat of the French and the northern half came under communist rule, the threat of the southern non-communist half also falling under northern control was unacceptable to the next US President Dwight Eisenhower who sent military advisers to train the South Vietnamese army. The domino effect that communism might have on Asian nations was the main reason why the US became involved in the war. In order to prevent the Communist Vietnamese from gaining control, the United States in 1965 sent military forces to Vietnam to keep the weak South Vietnamese government in power of their region. America had other political ambitions tied with economic ones. Trade domination in the Asia Pacific region would open US markets to Japan. The British who had rubber plantations in Malaya would be comforted with American presence in the region. Aid would enable France to send back their troops back to Europe to assist rearmament of West Germany permitting the US to have an upper hand at the cold war. The prevention of the spread of communism was the primary focus for the US. Communism to America meant disregard for democracy, human rights violations, military hostility and the creation of closed economies that rarely traded with the West. All this the US took as a threat t o freedom and liberty. Following John F Kennedy’s assassination, the next US president, Lyndon B. Johnson committed the US into the Vietnam conflict with prolonged bombings of North Vietnam. The war took a heavy toll on the Vietnamese who lost 3 to 4 million lives on either side, along

Arguments for and Against Term Limits Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and Against Term Limits Essay My research indicated there is more public support for term limits. The most common reason was voters feel dissatisfied and misrepresented by the candidate in office. It is believed that career politicians are elitists and do not have a clear understanding of what â€Å"real† people are dealing with or need. Term limits would create an even playing field for newcomers allowing new ideas and fresh thinkers into the mix. Newcomers would be less influenced by special interests and reduce corruption. Those opposed to term limits primarily support the premise that replacing seasoned experienced politicians with inexperienced members that are unfamiliar with the issues is detrimental to moving things forward. It takes years of experience to get up to speed on the issues and the rules of government. Limiting terms would be restrictive and eliminate the â€Å"good† guy politicians that are doing a good job representing the people. It is common that term limited politicians are not as committed toward the end of their term because they don’t have to worry about their record of accomplishments for re-election. When I first started to work on this assignment I was convinced that I was in favor of term limits for federally-elected officials. I was convinced that term limits were a good idea in order to reduce corruption and generate fresh ideas. After doing some initial research I realized that term limits are not the solution to government reform. The people elect government officials. It is up to the voters to vote in change, get involved, and support their candidate of choice. Voting is a civil liberty for all secured by the sacrifices of others. It is our citizen responsibility to invoke our right to vote and to be informed, educated voters. References htttp://dbp.idebate.org /en/index.php/Debate:_Term_limits_for_legislators http://suite101.com/article/term-limits-are-set-at-the-polls-a214115

A Response To Peter Singer

A Response To Peter Singer In Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer discusses that people are dying in Bengal from a lack of food, shelter, and medical care. Singer discusses in detail how poverty and war have created a large number of refugees that require millions just to keep them alive. Singer claims that countries and nations like Australia and Britain have given a considerable amount of assistance, but what has been given is not nearly enough. Singer believes that we have an obligation to prevent misfortunes such as, starvation or poverty, from occurring so long as it doesnt require us to sacrifice something equally as important. To reiterate, Singers main argument is, if it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it (Singer, p. 231). Singer responds that starvation in Bengal could be greatly reduced if everyone decided to pitch in. Singer opens his article with his example of a drowning child. To summarize, the scenario involves a person walking by a child who is drowning. Singer questions whether to go in after the child and get our clothes muddy, or to allow the child to drown. The vast majority of people would agree that one would have an obligation to save the drowning child. This can be related to Singers main argument, as one would have the power to prevent the child from drowning and getting ourselves dirty is not sacrificing anything equally significant. Singer also brings to light that whether there were other bystanders around while the child was drowning, even if they werent helping to save the child, one would still be morally obligated to save the child. Singers counter-argument is that we are more likely to help those that are close (the drowning child) then help those that are far away (starving refugees in Bengal). Singers response is that distance is irrelevant in what we should morally do. Sin gers example is simple and purposeful, and it leads us into the rest of his article. Peter Singer discusses a sense of equality, and how if we accept equality as part of our morality, then we cannot say that someone far away is not in need based on proximity and distance alone. After all, someone suffering in Bengal versus someone suffering in California should be viewed the same, right? Singer feels there are human fallacies with regards to the way we think. In his eyes, we are less likely to give to those that are far away regardless of how badly they need it. According to Singer, we need to evaluate how we help others that are far away. However, we need to be morally obligated to our families and our own country (our own poor, starving, homeless, etc), and it makes perfect sense that we will help those that are close in proximity. If we spent all of our extra money on those that live far away and forgot about those in need in our own country, how is that living up to Singers main argument of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦without sacrificing anything more significant? Singer resp onds by stating that donating is not a charity, but a duty. It is our duty to assist those in need. Singer provides a second counter-argument against the drowning child and the Bengal refugees. In the example of the drowning child, there is only one person to help but in the example of the refugees, there are millions upon millions to provide help. Singer responds to this by writing that regardless of whether you are the only one, or there are millions, it doesnt lessen your obligation to help. A third counter-argument presented by Singer regards famine. If everyone who could help, and still live within their means, gave a fixed amount of money in an attempt to prevent the famine then that is all wed be obligated to give. People who could only afford a fixed amount would donate the fixed amount while people who could afford much more than the fixed amount would still only be morally obligated to donate the fixed amount. Singers response is that this is a skewed way of reasoning, because people who can afford more should give more while people who can afford a little only give a little. Singers concept of marginal utility, as written by Singer (1972) himself is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the level at which, by giving more, I would cause as much suffering to myself or my dependents as I would relieve by my gift. (p. 241). Singer continues to say, This would mean, of course, that one would reduce oneself to very near the material circumstances of a Bengali refugee. (p. 241). This relates to Singers main argument because the amount of help that is needed in Bengal and other countries is so great that it is highly unlikely that amount of assistance will ever be provided. In his article, Singer states The traditional distinction between duty and charity cannot be drawn, or at least, not in the place we normally draw it. (p. 235) Singers concept of duty is what we are morally obligated to do, and his concept of charity is giving money to a charitable cause but because of how charity is viewed there is nothing wrong with not giving. His concepts later change in his article when he discusses that his argument cannot support people in developed nations living an affluent lifestyle should enjoy giving money to those in need. If I was able to reach out to Singer and respond to his article, I would tell him that people are not morally required to do as much as he is asking of us. If we did exactly as Singer wanted, and that would be to quit our jobs and work full time to put an end to poverty and starvation, where would that leave us? Everybody involved in this full time effort would drop everything they were doing in order to meet the goal of ending starvation. Critical breakthroughs in science and technology would cease to exist because wed all be pitching in towards the goal. If there was an instance of choosing to do donate to the relief of starvation, which would probably yield excellent results, and choosing to do something that you wanted, which might yield good results, Singer would object and state that choosing to donate to the relief of starvation is our moral duty. Of course, there is no definitive way of knowing whether donating to the relief of doing something that we really wanted would be more or less beneficial than the other. Instead of donating, I might want to research and experiment more into a cure for HIV, while someone else may want to learn a second language or learn advanced physics. The point is that we dont know what everyones exact interests are, and therefore, we cant say whether it would be beneficial to donate over doing something we wanted to do. I would end my response to Peter Singer with an open-ended, yet thought provoking question: With regards to your moral duties, how much are you giving to charity and what have you done to prevent bad things from occurring, Mr. Singer? In conclusion, Singer is correct in his article. Humans should do more than we do to help those in need, regardless of their proximity or distance. However, I think Singer is overly exaggerated in his views and humans should not do as much as he expects us to do. It simply doesnt work.

Colgate-Palmolive Essay -- Business, Oral Hygiene

Companies use promotional strategies to gain customers and sales. Colgate-Palmolive use different strategies to help increase their sales. While many companies have decreased advertising spending Colgate-Palmolive is one company that has increased advertising spending (Neff & York, 2008). This paper will discuss the current promotional strategies of Colgate-Palmolive. This paper will also discuss the integrated marketing communications (IMC) and make recommendations for the strategies used. Current Promotional Strategies According to Kotler and Keller (2009) â€Å"sales promotion is a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade.† Colgate-Palmolive offers several promotions to increase sales. Consumers can find coupons and special offers on the company’s website. Consumers can also find sweepstakes and special promotions on the company website (Colgate, 2011). The company uses point of purchase displays to gain those impulse buyers. The company also provides free samples to dentists and other institutions. IMC There are several forms of communication that companies use to sell and brand their product. The company has relied heavily on broadcast advertisements. Commercials have been their main source of advertisement and where most of the advertising budget is used. The company also uses print advertisements in magazines and newspapers. In store displays and point of purchase displays are an advertising tool that the company has used too. The company found that point of purchase displays produced a higher percentage of sales (Quelch & Laidler, 201... ... consumers are not aware of what organizations the company is involved with and the many ways the company gives back to the community. More and more consumers want to purchase items from a company that is a friend to the environment and gives back to the community. Conclusion The company does not only focus on innovative products, but also look for innovative ways to advertise. The company has used traditional methods of advertising such as television commercials and magazine advertisements. The company also uses coupons to give customers incentives to buy their product. The company’s advertising has been very successful, but could use a little improvement. Not many consumers are aware of all that the company does and offers in the community. By spreading the word on the different charities and organizations the company could gain more recognition.

Pride in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Pride in The Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The period in which the events in The Iliad took place were different than the times of today. Back then, the most important aspect of life for a person was to be a hero and to be   remembered.   One's pride would come before everything else. In the present day, this concept would be thought of as illogical or foolish. This is certainly true. But, that is how life was in that time- peoples' beliefs were to be the death of them. Pride was the downfall of all characters in Homer's epic poem, The Iliad.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hectors fatal mistake was that he chose pride over his own well being in the battle with Achilles. He could have taken safety within the walls of Troy, or disappeared into a mass of his comrades, but Hector chose to stand his ground and confront Achilles.  Ã‚   "Ah for a young man all looks fine and noble if he goes down in war...he lies there dead...but whatever death lays bare, all wounds are marks of glory."   If   Hector had salvaged his pride and retreated to safety, he would have lived to defend Troy. Therefore, the possibility arises that he could have stopped the onslaught of the Acheans altogether, and won the war for the Trojans. The result of Hectors pride was his death and the betrayment of his fellow warriors and friends.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another person within the Iliad whose pride was the downfall of his character, was Patrocleus. Patrocleus was a great warrior, friend, and asset to the Achiens. But, he made foolish choices on account of his pride. For instance he chose to wear Achille's armor into battle when Achilles refused to fight. This was only for his self-glorification. "...Once you have beaten off the lethal fire, quick, come back to the ships-you must not battle Hector!"   After going into battle brandishing the armor, Patrocleus becomes overzealous and places himself at the enemy's disposal. If Patrocleus would have thought logically, and not acted on pride, he would of remained alive.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to Hector and Patrocleus, the main character in The Iliad - Achilles, was also brought to ruin by his pride.   For example, he was too proud to fight in the war when Agamemnon took his woman.

The First Generation Of Computers :: essays research papers

The First Generation of Computers The first generation of computers, beginning around the end of World War 2, and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuum tubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that time where mammoth machines that did not have the power our present day desktop microcomputers. In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by a design team at MIT. The "Whirlwind Computer," as it was called, was a revamped U.S. Navy project for developing an aircraft simulator. The Whirlwind used a cathode ray tube and a light gun to provide interactively. The Whirlwind was linked to a series of radars and could identify unfriendly aircraft and direct interceptor fighters to their projected locations. It was to be the prototype for a network of computers and radar sites (SAGE) acting as an important element of U.S. air defense for a quarter-century after 1958. In 1951, the first commercially-available computer was delivered to the Bureau of the Census by the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation. The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first computer which was not a one-of-a- kind laboratory instrument. The UNIVAC became a household word in 1952 when it was used on a televised newscast to project the winner of the Eisenhower- Stevenson presidential race with stunning accuracy. That same year Maurice V. Wilkes (developer of EDSAC) laid the foundation for the concepts of microprogramming, which was to become the guide for computer design and construction. In 1954, the first general-purpose computer to be completely transistorized was built at Bell Laboratories. TRADIC (Transistorized Airborne

Cause and Effect of Earthquakes Essay

The ground trembles, shakes and growls. Pictures that were once hanging so beautifully on the wall smash to the ground exploding into glittery slivers of broken glass, roadways break apart, engulfing whatever was in its path, never to be seen again. For many, this would seem to be the makings of a fictional horror movie created by Hollywood with intent to frighten a person and to play with ones senses. For those who live in the areas depicted by film, this is real life, all of the fear and terror of a shaking ground comes to life and people everywhere grab those that are most precious to them and scream â€Å"Earthquake!† According to Lisa Wald (2012), â€Å"an Earthquake is what happens when two blocks of Earth suddenly slip past one another.† Wald also says that the reason the earth shakes when there is an earthquake is â€Å"that the edges of the faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released.† Wald goes on further to suggest that this energy is then released into seismic waves, it is these waves that cause the Earth to shake. This shaking, while normal for the Earths development, can be fatal for those who live in it. The damage that is caused by an earthquake can be broken into three specific areas. These areas include the Emotional damage, physical damage and environmental damage. The emotional damage caused by loss is one of the more detrimental areas of concern for humans as they are the ones whose lives are so greatly affected by feeling. People generally tend to have a harder time accepting death if it is spontaneous (Hamilton health sciences, 2000). The grieving process is harder, last longer and is full of disbelief. When natural occurrences such as earthquakes happen, many individuals lose their lives in an instant. Whether it is due to power failure and medical equipment failing, the destruction of homes and buildings and being forced into the street facing other dangers such as wildlife or people with poor intentions, or becoming trapped under rubble from buildings or roadways that have been destroyed. This emotional damage caused makes it far more difficult for the survivors of the earthquakes to move past the tragedy quickly. It may take many hours of grievance counseling for these people to be functional members of society again, to move forward with their lives. Some people develop severe anxiety and fear that an earthquake will hit when they are least expecting it and begin refusing to leave their homes. On the other hand, some individuals feel such a sense of togetherness after loss from an earthquake, they quickly pull together to help other people deal with their losses, searching for those who may still be alive and even assisting with clean up and rebuilding of homes and businesses. They go on to looking for more ways to help their community in the time of need, and really do a great deal to help others get back on their feet. Physical damage is bound to happen to some extent during an earthquake, though architects and engineers are now looking at new ways to make buildings and homes more earthquake resistant for those who live in high quake areas, the cost of such engineering is incredibly costly and not everyone can afford such detail to construction. Many people’s homes, one moment standing proud and tall, end up reduced to rubbles of brick and mortar in a matter of seconds. Cars disappear into what was once a street or roadway never to be seen again. Businesses destroyed, too expensive to repair, force people into lives of poverty. Far too many individuals end up homeless and jobless from natural disasters without their loved ones or their most loved possessions, and have no ability to be able to start from scratch again. Many insurance companies will not cover the damage caused by natural disasters, especially if the property is in an area known to be high in a specific disaster such as earthquakes. If they were to offer this form of protection, it would be at a greater cost to allow a person to rebuild their home or business. In the event of a natural disaster, the consequences could be dire and the insured could be slapped with higher yearly fees and deductibles. A price not many people are prepared to pay with high incidents of poverty in the world. Another of the more detrimental effects of earthquakes is how the environment changes with every quake that occurs. The environment is obviously going to take the largest hit from an earthquake. Localized effects would include forest fires, mudslides, and landslides while greater effects can be felt on the other side of the planet with disasters such as tsunamis. The Asian countries have taken the hardest tolls due to earthquakes, with the largest tragedy being in 2004 when a tsunami that was developed out of a high-scaled earthquake in Sumatra. This tsunami assailed twelve countries, killed over two-hundred and twenty thousand people (Daniel Ten Kate & Berni Moestafa, 2012), and still continues to affect people eight years later. When a tsunami strikes, fatalities are guaranteed. People die by drowning, hypothermia, starvation, and rarely have time to escape their impending death or injury. Beautiful flowers and gardens can be lost forever, sacred tombs, and artifacts washed out to see. Landslides and mudslides may not sound as fatal as a tsunami, however; these occur when the earth shifts and vibrates and causes the land to shift and vibrate with it. Many areas that are high for landslide danger put up protective netting or boarding to prevent the danger of it affecting people in the community, but it is not always possible to contain. They can quickly bury homes and people with no chance of recovery. Fires can be caused by electrical wires being exposed and touching flammable debris, broken gas lines, and power lines and are almost impossible to extinguish with water mains being broken and dust and debris floating through the air feeding and fueling the fires. It is amazing that even a slight shift in the planet can cause such devastation in the world. The shifting of the Earth, while natural, can be fatal to so many objects in its path. Yet it is something that can occur without notice, even with monitoring. The emotional, physical, and environmental damage that can occur is devastating and many people are left homeless, with no income, family, or possessions. Left to fend for themselves in the streets, searching for a way out, attempting to avoid the dangerous wildlife or people they may encounter on their own. Many children cry for their parents, never to see them again. The effects of earthquakes can be greatly reduced if humanity would listen to the scientists or experts on natural disasters. By building more structurally sound buildings and preparing ourselves further for a disaster, we can all benefit from becoming safer during an earthquake. References http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-11/indonesia-hit-by-8-7-magnitude-quake-tsunami-warnings-issued.html http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/documents/Patient%20Education/SuddenDeathPORTRAIT-th.pdf

Learning Team Deliverables Essay

Organizational culture consists of different traditional ways, values, and certain beliefs when setting out the rules for making a decision, power, and formation of a company. The organizational culture focuses more on leadership values. Culture determines the way we as people handle business and also for one’s own success. By having a structured organizational culture, it allows the employees to feel that if they do what is right, they will be rewarded for their actions. The following paragraphs will discuss the impact of leadership and the mores of senior management and how they affect both the culture and the application of power. We as a group have chosen a law firm as the â€Å"model† company. Coercive Power Coercive power is a form of manipulation used on employees to bring about a sense of fear. Employees conform to coercive powers for fear of retaliation. Coercive power in the long run can lead to character flaws amongst employees. Law firms that use coercive powers are usually only concerned with short term goals. Coercion used long term can cause dissatisfied partners’ performance to drop. Partners may eventually end up leaving the organization because they feel nothing good is going to happen for them. For instance, peer pressure at a law partnership could be a form of coercion to gain a unanimous decision regarding financial decisions. Long term affect could lead to the partnership being resolved due to one of the partners’ dissatisfaction in the ways things are going. Reward Power Law Partners who conform to the rules to receive positive benefits for their efforts enjoy reward power. Law Partners enjoy reward power since it allows them to control negative repercussions by doing well. Partnerships use reward power to help encourage partners to perform high and meet the firm’s goal. For example, bonuses given at the end of each year could motivate all partners to do well. Reward powers usually benefits all parties involved. Legitimate Power The most common access to one or more of the power bases is legitimate power. â€Å"Legitimate power represents the formal authority to control and use organizational resources based on structural position in the organization.† (Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, 2011) In a law firm, that structure is driven by the board of directors, then to the partners. Those that are lawyers are submissive to the partners in hopes to become one someday themselves. We associate power with hierarchy, so employees infer leaders as powerful and comply when an executive order is placed. Although, legitimate power is the most recognized, having expert power is just as powerful. Expert Power In any organization, most of the time employees are easily replaced. If one provides the same service or acting task in a like manner as their counterpart, then replacing them is not that difficult. However, having a niche that is not easily replaced provides expert power. Expert power is the ability to provide an expertise and the respect and admiration of others. In a law firm, the knowledge of being able to defend or represent the firm in a way that is beyond the ability of others creates an expert power that will buy you life in the firm. Since law firms are all about winning their cases, the more one brings to the table, the better the opportunity of becoming partner. Referent power Referent power in any organization allows an individual to be considered for hire or a current employee to receive warranted or unwarranted compensation for their contribution to the entity. Referent power in a Law Partnership can assist in an employee becoming Partner of the firm. Rewards incurred from this power are influenced by interactions and the ability to relate to others. This power has been stated to hold more weight due to its intimacy. It has been directly correlated with positive performance, satisfied employees and the organization knowingly aware of an employee’s commitment and contribution to the organization. The use of the five power bases in a Law Partnership is commonplace. However, in order for the firm to be successful, the board of directors and partners must possess strong leadership skills, and abide by an even stronger code of ethics when exerting their powers. Leaders of the partnership use their reward and  legitimate authority to motivate others, encouraging growth, and further development of skills. Expertise is used to contribute to the growth of the firm, and not used as a ransom for personal gain. In addition, a strong sense of values in leaders of the firm will bring about an atmosphere of respect and trust, thus upper levels of the partnership use reference and personal influence within ethical confines. The use of all power bases for individual gain will not bring about sustainable growth and should be avoided. Furthermore, use of coercion power will create fear and distrust, and if the other powers are also being misused, partnership’s culture can be affected stress, lack of motivation, loss of staff, and corruption, and even b etrayal. References Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (2005). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetid=bb2bb7b2-43f9-41d6-af58-cf49682ce588&assetmetaid=20a7c5ea-8d61-49ba-b292-5374bc15903f. Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. 14th ed. (2011). University of Phoenix website. Retrieved May 1, 2014 from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu

Cultural Awareness

Within this report the aim is for organisations to develop and maintain positive attitudes towards cultural differences within the International Hospitality industry. This report will help to maintain and determine the opportunities that organisations can achieve if their limitations to cross-cultural competence can be avoided and by ensuring that the organisation implies an attitude of cross-cultural respect. IntroductionGlobalization has become a growing trend for organisations and that means they have to develop an effective international management strategies that will resolve the current issues, this means that organisations has to have a more systematic approach and understanding of value that diversity benefits brings into the International Hospitality industry. (19/10/2013)). Cultural diversity has become the most important factor in the working life within the hospitality industry due to becoming more diverse in the terms of race, ethnicity, national origin and other personn el characteristics of their staff members (Shaw and Barrett-Power, 1998).There isn’t any agreed definition for the term, but there is a new guidance from the Chartered Management Institute (2008) and they have suggested that it is about: â€Å"Valuing the differences between people and the ways in which those differences can contribute to a richer, more creative and more productive environment† The most visible term of diversity can be seen as (age, gender and colour) though the non-visible differences are (culture, religion and disability) these have been founded on the premise that adapting these differences which will help create a more productive environment for which every employee feels valued, also where their talents are being identified and fully used for in which their organisational goals are met (Kandola and  Fullerton, 1998).What Culture is?â€Å"The word culture can be said to be referred to the lifestyle of an entire society, also the term culture can be used in anthropology to help refer to a complex system of beliefs, values and codes of conduct. Society sees cultural differences as the variations in the way of life, traditions, beliefs and the laws that surrounds different countries, societies, religions and also people† (Business Dictionary) (18/10/2013). â€Å"Here are some examples of cultural differences and they are as following† (18/10/2013): 1. Clothing – For example Scottish men wears kilts to express their heritage. 2. Food – For example Islam people aren’t allowed to eat pork. 3. Language – For example Scottish people have their own language to communicate with one another. 4. Rules/ Laws – For example the European rules and regulations are different from United States of America’s rules and regulations.What Attitude is and how it is manifested?â€Å"Attitude is a predisposition or tendency to react positively or negatively that is aimed at a certain object, pe rson, idea or a current situation† (BusinessDictonary 18/10/2013). â€Å"It also has a huge influence on an individual’s choice of action and also which can be influenced by an individual’s response to a certain challenge, incentives and rewards (together these can be called stimuli)† (BusinessDictonary 18/10/2013 â€Å"They are four major components that influence attitude and how an individual reacts and they are†:1. Affective: An individual’s emotions and feelings towards another person can alter the affect they have for the person.2. Cognitive: An individual’s belief or their opinions can differ from other people’s beliefs to their culture and background.3. Conative: An individual’s inclination for the required action to ensure that they can accept the differences of another person culture and background.4. Evaluative: An individual’s positive or negative response to stimuli for them to take action on their att itude towards a certain person’s culture and background.An individual’s attitude can also be affected by the way that person has been brought up by their parents, it also can be influenced by a person’s emotion and behaviour. Another theorist has describes that a person attitude towards cultural diversity can be stated into two categories which is ethnocentric to ethnorelative stages, this is describe by (Milton Bennett appendix 1) my understanding of his Milton Bennett’s DMIS model is that it helps to describe the perspectives and behaviours that individuals face with cultural difference, and helps to identify and outlines a â€Å"continuum† of increasing cultural awareness, understanding, and adjustment.Implementing a management strategy towards cultural diversity within the International Hospitality Industry For organisations to manage effectively within a global or a domestic multicultural environment, they will need to recognize that they are differences and also learn to use these to their advantage, instead of attempting to ignore all the current differences or just simply allowing the differences to cause problems (Adler, 1997).It is said that managers should be taught how to adapt and respect the differences with work and also how to maximize the contribution of each employee (Cascio, 1998). Managers and their employees have to recognize that cultural diversity has its own potential advantages and disadvantages that helps to define an organisation’s strategy to help them manage cultural diversity within the workplace. Alder (1997) has identified the following strategies for managing cultural differences. And these are as following:1. Ignore cultural differences.2. Minimize cultural differences.3. Manage cultural differences.1. Ignore Differences:This strategy is where managers and employees adapt that they don’t recognize cultural differences or how it impacts the organisation, they also believe that â €Å"our way is the only way† to manage and organize. They see diversity as irrelevant. This strategy of ignoring cultural differences it precludes the potential of minimizing the negative impacts and also increasing positive impacts of diversity.2. Minimize Differences:This strategy is where managers commonly adapt the ethnocentric  method.Here they do recognize that cultural diversity but however only as a source of problems that occur within the workplace. Within an ethnocentric organisation, managers and employees believe that â€Å"our way is the best way† to help organize and manage. Within the strategy they attempt to socialize all employees into the behaviour pattern of the dominant culture, by adapting an ethnocentric organisation then they prevent the possibility of benefiting from many cultures that are present3. Managing Differences:For organisations that do adapt the strategy of managing differences within the workplace are synergistic organisations. They recognize the impacts of cultural diversity that can lead to both advantages and disadvantages. For the managers that using this approach believe that â€Å"our way and their way of behaving and managing differ† but both aren’t superior to each other. By applying a strategy then organisations create advantages that they could benefit from.OpportunitiesPeople’s attitude towards cultural differences can both have positive and negative impacts on the organisations but however these differences couldn’t be considered as hazards but rather opportunities and benefits if properly managed (Day, 2007). The opportunities that an organisations can benefit from include innovation, competitiveness and knowledge transfer. When associated with the benefits of cultural diversity there are four commonly mentioned reasons why companies within the International Hospitality Industry have to endure to be diverse.The four most commonly mentioned benefit of cultural diversity is:1. Valuable Innovation – First of all, diversity often stimulates new business innovations (Johansson, 2007). Employees within the organisation who multicultural backgrounds and experiences can bring in more improved innovation due to providing them with their new ideas from their viewpoints.2. Effective Knowledge Transfer – Within organisations cultural diversity can be useful in the knowledge transfer, although people come in different shapes, forms, and colours and do not seek out to be different from other people. Rather, people prefer to be with their own kind (Denton, 1997). This knowledge transfer helps to enhance the works productivity and efficiency.3. Increasing Competitiveness – Due to hospitality industry being extremely competitive  for companies to survive they have to control labour cost as well as increase customer count. Within todays dynamic markets companies have to serve various customer groups with different cultural background, hence f orward cultural diversity within the workforce can help companies to develop understanding of customers’ needs and keep long term business relations 4. Building Image – Cultural diversity can help organisations to enhance their corporate image. The hospitality industry has been somewhat passive about building a positive industry image for the public (Fernandez, 2006). Helps companies to recognize and accept diverse cultures.LimitationsWithin an organisation there are still many limitations and challenges that are faced when it comes to attitude towards cultural differences, either being an individual’s perspective or their behaviour. These are some of the challenges that are faced within organisations:1. Communication Issues.2. Discrimination Issues.3. Training Issues.4. Workplace Issues.5. Stereotyping Issues.6. Prejudice Issues.ConclusionGlobalization is a growing trend within businesses and have to give a rise to the need for the development of effective inte rnational management strategies therefore for many organisations there is a need to entail the thinking of a more clear approach towards cross-cultural aspects and issues.This report showed that there are always going to be more opportunities rather than limitations when it comes to cultural diversity, also for the understanding and management of diversity that has become important within the hospitality industry. Many of the cultural barriers that are commonly associated with diversity can be overcome in which this then will help to increase the awareness and sensitivity of cultural diversity management.RecommendationsTo ensure that all organisations within the international hospitality industry implement a strategy towards cultural diversity there have been many recommendations that can help them to achieve this within the workplace and also which recommendations that can be applied for which will benefit the organisation. Diversity has become a global aspect that affects the indu stry and which needs to be properly addressed and maintain, the recommendations that should be set out are:1. Implement a diversity strategy for the organisation to follow.2. To introduce diversity questionnaires for all employees to fill out.3. Implementation of a cultural awareness scheme for all employees to attend.4. Initiate a diversity management training program.5. Adopt an employee relationship management system.6. Overcome the stereotypes and increase fairness

History Of Statistics Essay

Ancient Times (3000 BC – 27 BC) * Pictorial representation and other symbols were used for Statistics back in the days. (To record numbers of people, animals, etc.) * In Babylonia and China, population is already recorded. * Sumerians, record population for taxation purposes. * Egyptians, analyze population and material wealth of the country before building pyramids. * Papyrus – where early scriptures of Statistics were written. * In Biblical times, censuses were done by Moses (1491 BC) followed by David (1017 BC) * In China, during the Zhou Dynasty, censuses were done to evaluate the available people for the army and taxation (1027 to 256 BC) * Ancient Greeks (594 BC) already did censuses * Roman Empire – first one to do expensive data collection. * Servius Tullius, the 6th King of Rome, was given credit for instituting the gathering of population data, who initiated the first census. * King William I, King of England, required the compilation of data completed in 1086 called â€Å"The Domes Day Book† or â€Å"The Book of Winchester† – first book of British statistics 18th Century * Achenwall is the man noted to be the first to introduce the word â€Å"statistics† (1719-1772) * Zimmerman and Sinclair introduced and popularized the name â€Å"statistics† in their books * The method of least squares was first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794 19th Century * Laplace’s â€Å"Theories Analytique des Probabilities† of 1812 further supported and stabilized the said theory. * The meaning of â€Å"statistics† broadened, then including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. * Social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences. * Lambert Adolfe Quetelet applied the theory of probability to anthropological measurements and expanded the same principle to different fields of science. Because of his continued emphasis on the importance of using statistical methods, he is referred to as the â€Å"Father of Modern Statistics†. * Also, he established the Central Commission for Statistics. * Francis Galton (1822-1911) developed the use of percentiles and the correlation method. * Karl Pearson (1857-1936) originated the basic statistical concepts and procedures as standard deviation, the random walk and the chi-squares. * Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962) contributed in the field of statistics the use of Fisher Test (F-Test), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance in inferential statistics. 20th century * At present, statistics is a reliable means of describing accurately the values of economic, political, social, biological and physical data and serves as tool to analyze such data. Much data can be approximated accurately by certain distributions and the results of probability distributions can be used in analyzing statistical data. Statistics is widely employed in government, business, and the natural and social sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop â€Å"computer-intensive† methods.

E-commerce project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-commerce project - Essay Example It is evident that many companies now realize the importance of websites as a tool to gain market share and improve sales. Most flourishing companies like unique home decor, Paul Michael company, Bensons would not have reached the places they are without their websites (BAJAJ, 2005).The Martha Stewart management structure consists of activities such as the allocation of tasks, supervision and coordination, which are directed towards the accomplishment of the aims of the company. The company structure mainly participates in the accomplishment of the company goals this is because the company has several dedicated employees whose main agenda is to assist the company to achieve his company's goals. Martha Stewart has several supervisor is in each and every department, this ensures the employees work up to the required standard. This contributes to the making of designing high quality decor products because the management has catered everything governing the employees work. The company us es various business models to make it distinct from other companies. The business models also help to describe the organizational architecture of capture mechanisms, delivery which are employed by the company's enterprise. The company has applied business models such as, collecting intelligence, user generated content, and improving the available systems. It also uses transport services such as airline and private courier services to ensure their products are available all over the continent. The goals of the business are primarily marketing the products on sale and making sure they increase their profits though online sale and delivery. The company also seeks to be capable of running consumer satisfaction surveys so as to assist they gauge their progress. Finally, the ultimate goal is to ensure that the company becomes a reputable and among the most respected and successful in this field of business. Supply chain underscores on cutting down of resources and various expences inorder to improve their bottom lines with more effective supply chains. In order for companies, to be the best and out do its competitors in the market it has to define the most effective supply chain. This would improve how the business operates, in fact the supply chains do work well with the ERP systems which are involved in conducting various business activities, which include production planning and customer service which are not part of the supply chains. Technology plays a main role in the accomplishment of the supply chain concept pre-dates the internet, and they use web based application and communication can it truly reach its fully potential. The website will, therefore, be designed so as to make sure the company achieves most of its goals in the most efficient way possible. The website will become a partial platform for the marketing department. This is because many people nowadays depend on the internet for many things, making it an easier place to access customers. The produ cts will be marketed by posting them on the website and giving information on the latest home decors awaiting release and those already in the market. In order to enhance marketing, the company will have to alias with the most visited websites and have accounts in social platforms such as Facebook, linked in, twitter and MySpace among others. Secondly the company will should be able to give customers the ability to purchase items and request them to get delivered to supported locations. The products shall be priced ant the availability of a customer to purchase the items collectively using a virtual card. This will allow them to shop for many products easily. The third aspect of this website is customer support.

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Amazon - Essay Example Amazon strives to offer the widest selection of both new and used products. They not only sell books in a wide category but also electronics, apparel, gift cards, shoes, accessories, watches, photography, software, tools and hardware, cameras, movies, toys, house items, computers, games, music, jewelry, magazine subscriptions, gourmet food, kitchenware, cellular phones, sports items, among others. This diversification of products has transformed Amazon into an all-in-one online retail store (Amazon.com). Amazon has focused on building a reputation to gain new customers and retain existing ones. The company calls itself the biggest bookstore in the world and has used diverse strategies to gain a positive online reputation. The company uses its extensive resources, communication strategies, positioning (name and motto), targeted advertising, and web design to create reputation as a leading book retailer and the leader in the online retail industry (Mellahi and Johnson). Amazon is the broadest discounter globally in whichever product type one chooses to buy. The company also offers loyalty packages, which come with massive benefits like getting movies without any additional cost. Amazon provides free shipping offers and customers can also avoid state sales tax. The company sells Kindle at a deficit ($59 instead of $79) and has a Price Check App. In relation to physical book retailers, Amazon prices are lower because of reduced transaction costs and streamlined distribution processes (Amazon.com). Amazon was the first company to start book retailing business model in the online platform and has made numerous innovations and significant research and developments (e.g. â€Å"one-click† shopping) to improve customer experience, hence, gaining support from the online community. Amazon is the first company to develop most of the currently known technologies in online retailing. The Amazon brand was

Biography of school principal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography of school principal - Essay Example The researcher starts that his school principal Mr. X joined the school management some five years ago. Apparently, he was a very strict person with serious looks. He was a retired army officer who served the nation for more than 40 years. He was at the post of Major when he was retired and before his retirement, he had planned about his future career and that was to join some educational institution. He was Masters in Business Administration and therefore he was fit for the job requirements of a principal. When the author first saw him the researcher found him to be very sturdy, stringent, yet elegant and of course very disciplined. Despite his complete soldier looks and attitude, he possessed a very attractive and decent personality. But now when the author met him for the sake of interview he found him very different from what he was previously probably the Erikson’s development theory was working its way. He was born in a family who was closely affiliated with the services in army, navy and air force. His father was also an army general. He had five siblings and he was the third child of his parents. He was completely looked after by his mother in his infancy and childhood since his father was usually on his duty. According to the Erickson’s developmental stages, he was at the first stage when he started developing mistrust about his father as he was not available to give him care and affection that an infant requires. In his early childhood when he was around 2.5 years old his toilet training was started.

Advertising in the UK fastfood industry Dissertation

Advertising in the UK fastfood industry - Dissertation Example sh this aim, the study targets the following objectives: 3.1 To determine the status of fast food advertising in the UK, for the period 2003 to present (to include findings from the Hastings review and the study by the Food Standards Agency.) 3.2 To understand the cultural issues and considerations that surround fast food advertising 3.3 To draw insight as to how an understanding of cultural attributes may make the advertising of fast foods more effective and mutually beneficial for both consumers and business. 4. Statement of the research problem and sub-problems What are the cultural considerations that advertisers should take into account in promoting the fast food business in the UK? 4.1 What is the current status of fast food advertising in the UK? 4.2 With the ban imposed on advertising for children, what strategic shift in marketing should fast foods consider in targeting the adult market? 4.3 Based on the revised marketing strategy, what are the social norms, beliefs and atti tudes of adults that advertising must consider in pursuit of the new strategy? 5. Significance of the research topic The research topic is a timely and relevant issue in the United Kingdom, where in January 2007 a total ban was implemented by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) on the advertising of junk food and fast food to children. The new legislation was the result of the unrelenting campaign of parents and pressure groups, with the support of the British Medical Association, who were concerned about the worsening obesity problem besetting not only the UK but almost all developed nations. The ban covers all advertising of foods deemed to have particular appeal for children and youth under the age of sixteen. The advertising ban also comes at the end of an exhaustive three year... The research topic is a timely and relevant issue in the United Kingdom, where in January 2007 a total ban was implemented by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) on the advertising of junk food and fast food to children.   The new legislation was the result of the unrelenting campaign of parents and pressure groups, with the support of the British Medical Association, who were concerned about the worsening obesity problem besetting not only the UK but almost all developed nations.   The ban covers all advertising of foods deemed to have particular appeal for children and youth under the age of sixteen.     The advertising ban also comes at the end of an exhaustive three year research on the effects of junk food and fast food advertising on the eating habits of children, mandated by the UK government for OFCOM to undertake.   Lobbyists from either side participated, including representatives from food manufacturers who worried about revenue deterioration.   At this point, health campaigners are pushing for a furtherance of the ban to include all advertising of junk and fast foods before the watershed of 9pm.   The move had made advertisers more creative, foregoing television advertising and resorting to social networking sites and mobile phones. (Fast Food Nation, 2011).Cultural aspects of advertising.   There is current debate about the relationship between advertising and the culture in which the advertising campaign is being launched.   Many are apparently of the opinion that advertising influences those segments.

Starting a Four-day Workweek Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Starting a Four-day Workweek - Assignment Example Several organizations have used it, and it is already proving to be successful in achieving its purpose and benefits. One of the companies that offer cosmetic products and a four-day workweek for its employees is Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery Company. The company offers facials, waxing, cleansers, muscle relaxers, general skin care products, and several other cosmetic services (Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery Company, 2015). Apart from cosmetic and skincare products, the company also offers cosmetic surgery. The company has an accredited surgery facility used to perform facelift surgery for outpatients under anaesthesia to improve the skin. The areas of the skin that are sagging are accessed by incision through the ear and the airline. According to Indeed, a company offering job search database, Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery Company in Ormond Beach Florida, USA likes the four-day workweek because it leads to improved work-life balance and flexible work schedule, leading to higher productivity at the workplace (Indeed, 2015). Following this example, Skin Essentials can provide its employees with four-day workweek. My recommendation is that the policy should be implemented immediately so that employees can establish a work-life balance as soon as possible, and achieve energy-saving opportunity by reducing use of fuel on driving and commuting to the workplace.

Marketing planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing planning - Assignment Example The company is planning to expand its base. For this company will has started analyzing the market and choosing one product which the company will be promoting in the initial phase of the expansion. Task 1 The current business environment is constantly changing. The market is facing volatile changes which are affecting the overall planning of the companies as well. Thus, it is very important for any organization or organizes a proper and strategic marketing planning in order to survive and sustain in this volatile environment. A proper marketing planning is always helpful in properly organization activities and strategies used for future action. Marketing planning can be described as analyzing potential market places and marketing activities with the aim of determining how a business can optimize these potential markets. Planning process has changed over the years. For example, the planning process was much less competitive during the last century. The current market is ever changing and flooded with a large number of new products and services on a daily basis. Today’s consumers have much more options in terms of choosing between similar products and categories, compared to 10-15 years ago. This has also decreased the brand loyalty among consumers. To remain competitive in the current market, the food chain has to constantly update its marketing planning according to changing internal as well as external environment. In order to cope with the volatile environment, it is very important for the organization to have sustainable resources. Below is the resource based view of the organization. Tangible Resources Infrastructure, warehouse property and design of the chain of restaurants constitute the physical resources of the brand. Apart from these, the organization also has products such as brewing machines, facilities such as transportation and logistics. Though the organization does not boast a high financial resource, the company is fast growing and more and more investors are turning their head towards this newly popular organization. The organization can utilize this opportunity by collaborating with other investors as well as companies and grow its base in local as well as international locations. Intangible Resources The organization has created a powerful brand image and come a long way from the time it was established. Because of the increase brand image as well as overall brand equity, the organization has successfully created a niche in the fast food market. As a result, the market base of Eat Limited is continuously increasing. Apart from this, the organization has maintained a cordial relationship with its shareholders and other investors. This is helped in building overall trust among the investors and shareholders. Product diversification, service quality and availability of the brand in the major locations have made Eat Limited a local leader in affordable and quality fast food service provider. Research, development, m arketing capability and creativity in new generating new products has provided a differentiated advantage for the brand. Apart from this, efficient and well trained human resource is strength for the organization. Capabilities Determining the capabilities and key resources of an organization is the fundamental starting point of any business strategy. The utilization of a company’s capabilities and resources with the aim of gaining competitive advantage defines the objective of resource management. According to